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British History > Topic 5: Social (1987-97) > Flashcards

Topic 5: Social (1987-97) Flashcards

1
Q

3

Describe the context of Section 28

A
  • ‘Loony left’ councils accused of promoting homosexual lifestyles by funding support groups
  • Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin where main character has 2 gay dads
  • Tabloid outcry in 1986 after stored in London libraries
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2
Q

2

Describe Section 28 (Local Government Act 1988)

A
  • Announced at Conservative Annual Conference in 1987
  • Prohibited state schools from promoting homosexuality
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3
Q

3

Describe the impact of Section 28

A
  • Campaigns for gay rights and equality intensified
  • Greater participation in annual Gay Pride March in London
  • Rise in profile of pressure groups such as Stonewall
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4
Q

1

What is a limit to fury of opposition to Section 28

A

Jack Cunningham for the Labour Front bench said the Labour Party did not oppose it at time of debate

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5
Q

2

Describe gay campaign groups 1987-97

A
  • Outrage! used direct action - threatened to ‘out’ gay clergy and MPs
  • Stonewall founded 1989
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6
Q

2

Describe Stonewall

A
  • Backed cases at ECHR challenging unequal age of consent + ban on homosexuals in armed forces
  • 1994, age of consent lowered from 21 to 18
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7
Q

4

Describe limitations in homosexual attitudes 1987-97

A
  • Section 28
  • Continuing AIDS stigma (Freddie Mercury died 1991)
  • Age of consent not equalised until 2000
  • Ban on homosexuals in military remained until 2000
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8
Q

4

List moral panics from 1987-97

A
  • Rise in divorce rates
  • Rise in illegitimate births
  • Video Recording Act 1994

Most of these panics had subsided by 1997

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9
Q

2

Describe the rise in divorce rates 1987-97

A
  • Hit record highs in 1990s
  • 14.2% in 1994
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10
Q

1

Describe the rise in illegitimate births 1980s/1990s

A
  • % of babies born to unmarried parents rose from 12% in early 1980s to 20% in early 1990s
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11
Q

2

Describe the reaction to changing childbirth/marriage 1987-97

A
  • Tory Conference 1992 - Peter Lillet (Social Security Sec) sang song critical of youth pregnancy, absent fathers
  • 1993, Child Support Agency set up to ensure absent parents paid child maintenance
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12
Q

3

Describe the Video Recording Act 1994

A
  • Influenced by Mary Whitehouse work
  • Ensured videos had British film classifications attached to them
  • Expanded ‘vidoe work’ definition to video game market
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13
Q

6

Describe increasing criticsm of the Royal Family 1987-97

A
  • from 1987-97, ¾ Queen’s children’s marriages broke down
  • Annus horriblis 1992
  • Diana publicly critical of royal family following 1992 separation
  • Windsor Castle fire 1992
  • 1993, Daily Mirror detailed telephone conversations of extramarital affair between Charles and Camilla
  • Reflected general decline in deference towards establishment
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14
Q

3

Describe the Windsor Castle fire 1992

A
  • Public disquiet about financing of restoration
  • Queen agreed o pay tax on private income
  • reduction in civil list

civil list - expenses of Sovereign paid for by government

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15
Q

3

Describe the aftermath of Diana’s death

A
  • 32m UK audience watched funeral (broke record set by 1966 WC final)
  • Queen accused of apathy amid public grief
  • Public support of monarchy dropped to record lows before Queen statement
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16
Q

5

Describe the Young British Artists (YBA)

A
  • Challenged conventional art
  • led by Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas and Tracey Amin
  • created arts from obscure material e.g. dead animals
  • formed basis of Charles Saatchi’s 1997 ‘sensation’ exhibit in London
  • Fusion between societal elite and experimental artists
17
Q

2

Describe progress in youth culture 1987-97

A
  • acid house dance music arrived in late 1980s - synonymous with LSD usage
  • ‘Second Summer of Love’ (1988-89) - explosion of free rave parties
18
Q

2

Describe limitations in youth culture 1987-97

A
  • Tabloid backlash against ecstasy
  • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
19
Q

3

Describe environmental action 1987-97

A
  • Series of protests e.g. against Twyford Down M3 extension in 1992
  • Broad movement expanded to local residents, mc, new-age travellers
  • Used to innovative NVDA measures to block work e.g. climb trees being uprooted
20
Q

3

Describe political progress in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • Female MPs increased from 60 (1992) to 120 (1997)
  • 1992, Betty Boothroyd became first female Speaker
  • 1992, Stella Rimington became first female MI5 Director General
21
Q

4

Describe political limitations in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • 101/120 female MPs in 1997 were in Labour
  • in 1990, no female law lords and 1/80 High court judges were women
  • 1994, 90% civil servants were men
  • CoE excluded women as bishops until 2014
22
Q

6

Describe social progress in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • ‘Riot Grrrl’ movement
  • Message of ‘girl power’, became mainstream by mid-1990s
  • Spearheaded by pop group the ‘Spice Girls’
  • Could be ordained in CoE from 1992
  • ‘New man’ role - men taking on childcare, shopping, etc
  • More liley to retain child custody, and therefore home, in divorce cases
23
Q

2

Describe the ‘Riot Grrrl’ movement

A
  • Underground scene that combined feminism, punk and politics
  • Included Kikini Kill and Huggy Bear
24
Q

3

Describe social limitations in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • ‘New man’ role minimal
  • ‘Blair babes’ terminology
  • 12/401 oxbridge professors were women
25
Q

3

Describe economic progress in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • Increasing postponement of marriage/children to enjoy new financial freedom
  • Greater employment in circles of law, business, banking
  • Lawson’s 1988 reforms meant men no longer responsible for wife’s tax returns
26
Q

3

Describe economic limitations in the position of women 1987-97

A
  • Decline of manu sector led to transfer to part-time service jobs that lacked substantive pension/unemployment benefits
  • in 1990, less than 10% businesses owned by women
  • At Department of Employment (responsible for setting equal opportunities agenda), 3/791 typists were men
27
Q

2

Describe terminology used to describe limited economic opportunity to women in the 1990s

A
  • invisible ‘glass ceiling’ for highly-qualified women
  • ‘Golden pathway’ for promotion dominated by men
28
Q

2

Describe political progress in race relations 1987-97

A
  • 4 non-white MPs elected in 1987 all retained seats in 1992
  • First mulsim MP, Chaudhry Sarwar, elected 1997
29
Q

2

Describe political limitations in race relations 1987-97

A
  • 1992, black barrister John Taylor lost safe Tory seat to LD in Cheltenham
  • Candidature subect to fierce debate in local constituency due to Caribbean background
30
Q

1

Describe social progress in race relations 1987-97

A
  • Stephen Lawrence camaign
31
Q

3

Describe social limitations in race relations 1987-97

A
  • Stephen Lawrence death
  • Concern about Muslim integration with new asylum seekers from Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan
  • ‘Satanic Verses’
32
Q

5

Describe the ‘Satanic Verses’

A
  • Published 1988 by British-Indian Salman Rushdie
  • Satirisation of Islam considered blasphemous
  • Tensions hugely inflamed with riots
  • Revealed clash between freedom of speech (British value) and religion (impact of migration)
  • 1989, Iranian Supreme Leader issued Fatwa on Rushdie
33
Q

4

Describe the death of Stephen Lawrence

A
  • 1993, Black A-Level student Stephen Lawrence
  • murdered in racially motivated attack by gang of white youths in SE London
  • CPS decided there was insufficient evidence to prosecute despite identities of perpetrators supposedly being known
  • Revealed institutional racism of Met Police
34
Q

3

Describe the reaction to Stephen Lawrence’s death

A
  • Feb 1997 - Daily Mail ‘Murderers Campaign’
  • Jack Straw (Home Sec) ordered public inquiry in 1997
  • MacPherson Report 1999 - concluded Met had been ‘institutionally racist’, but not corrupt

British History (36 decks)

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