Topic 3b - Gender Inequality Flashcards
What do we see as the key difference between men and women in developing nations?
Women less access to medical services, water, sanitation,education etc.
Men often heads of household
- In higher paying jobs that don’t accept women
- Control of household incomes
What was Jeremy Corbyn speech on gender inequality?
Last year Britain was ranked 18th in the world for its gender pay gap… We can and must do far
better.”
What is the Intrinsic Importance of female equality?
Human flourishing (Sen)
What is the Instrumental Importance in Female Equality?
- Increased efficiency (e.g. by reducing barriers to education) increases productivity
- Positive externalities for children
- Evidence of less corruption in public life, more welfare oriented policies.
What are some of the factors that allow for gender inequality?
- In general, the poorer the country, the greater the gender gap
- Culture and perceptions
- Unequal access to credit and assets and opportunities
- Institutional discrimination in private and public sectors (Klugman et al., 2014
What are some key stats toward gender inequality?
- Girls account for the majority of children not attending school
- Almost 2/3 of women in the developing world work in the informal sector or as unpaid workers in the home.
- women are still out numbered four-to-one in many
legislatures around the world.
What is the Progress toward SDG 5 (the one about gender equality)?
- 2/3 of countries in the developing regions have achieved gender parity in primary education
- > S. Asia 74 girls enrolled per 100 in 1990, now equal proportions - Women represented 39% of world employment, only 27% of managerial positions in the world were occupied by women in 2018 up from 26% in 2015
How is the gender development index calculated?
HDI fem / HDI male
What are the key areas of focus in the gender equality?
- Missing girls and women
Globally 4 mil missing, 40% never born (pref for boys), 20% literally missing, 40% maternal mortality (15-19) - Earnings gap and asset ownership
- Less representation in politics
What are some studies looking into these ‘missing’ women?
- > Miguel (2004) finds that in some regions, when the harvest is bad, the murder of “witches” (almost always old women) is twice as likely to occur as in normal years
- > Singer (2000), South Africa, ever since old-age pension programs (previously only for
whites) were extended to also to non-whites, “witch” killings in rural Northern Province of South-Africa have dropped dramatically.
What are some issues with looking into intra-household (HH) income as a measure of gender inequality?
Cannot predict individual welfare/development
HH discrimination) distribution of income often unequal
o Strong biases exist against women/daughters
o Nutrition, Education, Health care, Inheritance.
Why is closing the education gender gap important?
->The social rate of return on women’s education is higher than that of men in developing countries
• Education for women increases productivity, lowers fertility
• Educated mothers have a multiplier impact on future generations
• Education can break the vicious cycle of poverty and inadequate schooling for women
Why do Empirical studies find higher female infant mortality?
- Sons/men more perceived to have greater potential to contribute to the family.
- Women marry (and contribute) into another family (often outside the village)
Why do Empirical studies find less discrimination against women and kids when women earn more?
Women’s incomes often go towards children’s nutritional intake, education and healthcare
How did Sen come to the view of high female mortality in Asia?
Compared the ratios of women to men in Europe (1.06) and North America (1.05) with those in South Asia (0.93), West Asia (0.94) and China (0.94)
