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GCSE Biology > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast in green plant cells.

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2
Q

What do green plant cells contain?

A

Pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light.

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3
Q

Where is energy transferred from in chloroplasts?

A

The enviroment

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Energy is transferred from the environment in the process

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6
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO + 6H(2)O —————-> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 60(2)

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8
Q

What do plants use glucose for?

A

1)for respiration
2)making cellulose
3)making amino acids
4)stored as oils or fats
5)stored as starch

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9
Q

How do plants use glucose for respiration?

A

This transfers energy from glucose which enables the plants to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances

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10
Q

How do plants use glucose for making cellulose?

A

Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls

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11
Q

How do plants use glucose for making amino acids?

A

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins.

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12
Q

How do plants use glucose for soring oils or fats?

A

Glucose is turned into lipids (fats and oils) for storing in seeds

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13
Q

How do plants use glucose for soring as starch?

A

Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves ready for use when photosynthesis isn’t happening like in the winter.

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14
Q

What do limited factors affect?

A

the rate of photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the rate of photosynthesis affected by?

A

light intensity, concentration of CO2, temperature and chlorophyll

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16
Q

At night what is the limited factor?

A

light

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17
Q

In winter what is the limited factor?

A

temperature

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18
Q

If its warm enough and bright enough what is the limited factor?

A

CO2 concentration

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19
Q

What can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by?

A

Disease or environmental stress, such a lack of nutrients

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20
Q

What can a lack of chlorophyll in a plant cause?

A

Chloroplast to become damaged or to not enough chlorophyll produced.

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21
Q

What can a lack of chlorophyll in a plant lead to?

A

The rate of photosynthesis is reduced because they can’t absorb as much light

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22
Q

What happens if there is not enough light in photosynthesis?

A

The rate of photosynthesis slows down

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23
Q

What does light provide in photosynthesis?

A

The energy needed

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24
Q

What happens as the light level is raised?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases steadily

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25
Q

What happens if the light intensity continues increasing?

A

The rate will no longer increase this is because light is no longer the limited factor

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26
Q

What happens if the amount of CO2 is raised?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases steadily

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27
Q

Why does the CO2 graph flatten out?

A

Because CO2 is no longer a limited factor

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28
Q

What does the enzyme for photosynthesis need to work?

A

A low temperature

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29
Q

Why is temperature often a limited factor?

A

Because the temperature is too low

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30
Q

What happen if the plant gets too hot?

A

The enzymes it needed for photosynthesis and other reactions will be damaged

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31
Q

At what temperature is it too hot for a plant?

A

45 degrees

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32
Q

What does oxygen production show?

A

The rate of photosynthesis

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33
Q

What can Canadian pondweed be used for?

A

To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

34
Q

What is the first step in the method used to find how pondweed is used to measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

A source of light is placed at a specific distance from the pondweed

35
Q

What happens as the pondweed is left to photosynthesise?

A

The oxygen released will be collected in the capillary tube.

36
Q

What happens at the end of the experiment?

A

The syringe is used to draw the gas bubbles in the tube up along side a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured. This is proportional to the volume of oxygen produced.

37
Q

For the pondweed experiment what should happen to any variables that could affect the result?

A

They should be controlled.

38
Q

Why should the pondweed experiment be repeated twice with the light source at the same distance?

A

To calculate mean volume of O2 produced.

39
Q

What does the inverse square law link?

A

light intensity and distance

40
Q

What is the inverse square law formula?

A

light intensity = 1
——————2
distance (d)

41
Q

What is the most common way to artificially create the ideal environment for plants?

A

Growing them in a green house

42
Q

How do greenhouses create an ideal environment for plants?

A

By trapping the suns heat and making sure temperature doesn’t become a limited factor

43
Q

How do farmers increase the temperature in a greenhouse in winter?

A

By using heaters to keep the temperature at an ideal level.

44
Q

How do farmers make sure the temperature doesn’t get too hot in a greenhouse in summer?

A

By using shade and ventilations to cool things down.

45
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell.

46
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

47
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

It transfers energy to the environment.

48
Q

How do organisms use the energy transferred by respiration?

A

1)To build up large molecules from smaller ones
2)In animals it’s used to allow the muscles to contract
3)In mammals and birds the energy is used to keep the body temperature steady in colder surroundings.

49
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in an organism

50
Q

What large molecules are made from smaller ones?

A

1)Lots of small glucose molecules are joined together in reactions to form starch, glycogen and cellulose.
2)Lipid molecules are each made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
3)Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins

51
Q

What large molecules are broken down into smaller ones?

A

1)Glucose is broken down in respiration
2)Excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea. Urea is then excreted in urine.

52
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

53
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In mitochondria in plants and animals

54
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen ———> carbon dioxide + water

55
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C H O + 6CO ———-> 6CO + 6H O
6 12 6 2 2 2

56
Q

What does anaerobic respiration mean?

A

Without oxygen

57
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid.

58
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose ———> lactic acid

59
Q

Why doesn’t anaerobic respiration transfer as much energy as aerobic respiration?

A

Because the glucose isn’t fully oxidised

60
Q

When is anaerobic respiration useful?

A

In emergencies

61
Q

How is respiration in plants and yeast slightly different?

A

Plants and yeast can respire without oxygen too but they produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid.

62
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

glucose ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

63
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

64
Q

In the foods and drinks industry what is fermentation is used to make?

A

Bread and alcoholic drinks.

65
Q

What happens when you exercise more?

A

You respire more

66
Q

What do your muscles need to contract?

A

Energy from respiration

67
Q

Why do you need more energy when you exercise?

A

Because some of your muscles contract more frequently.

68
Q

When there is an increase in respiration in your cells what is needed?

A

You need to get more oxygen into them

69
Q

What does the body do to get more oxygen into your cells?

A

Your breathing rate and volume increase, and your heart rate increases to get this oxygenated blood around the body faster.

70
Q

What happens when you do really vigorous exercise?

A

Your body can’t supply oxygen to your muscles quickly enough, so they start respiring anaerobically.

71
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration not the best way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

Because lactic acid builds up in the muscles which gets painful

72
Q

Why are long periods of exercise not good?

A

It will cause muscle fatigue - the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently.

73
Q

What can anaerobic respiration lead to when you stop exercising?

A

An oxygen debt

74
Q

What is an oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

75
Q

What is formed oxygen reacts with lactic acid?

A

harmless CO2 and water

76
Q

In other words what can an oxygen debt be known as?

A

You have to ‘‘repay’’ the oxygen that didn’t get to your muscles in time, because your lungs, heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand earlier on

77
Q

Why do you have to keep breathing hard for a while after you exercise?

A

To get more oxygen to your blood, which is transported to the muscle cells.

78
Q

What is also high when there are high levels of lactic acid and CO2?

A

Pulse and breathing rate

79
Q

How does your body cope with high levels of lactic acid?

A

The blood that enters your muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver. In the liver, the lactic acid is converted back to glucose.

80
Q

How can you investigate the effect of exercise on your body?

A

You can measure breathing rate by counting breaths, and heart rate by taking the pulse.

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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