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Chemistry Edexcel A Level > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

in the other chemistry folder

1
Q

do atom sizes increase or decrease down the periodic table?

A

increase

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2
Q

do atom sizes increase or decrease across the periodic table?

A

decrease

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3
Q

what are 3 factors that impact ionisation energies?

A
  • nuclear radius (smaller=stronger)
  • nuclear attraction
  • # of shielding(Same as electro negativity)
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4
Q

does reactivity increase or decrease down group 2?

A

increase

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5
Q

does boiling point increase or decrease down group 2?

A

decrease

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6
Q

does boiling point increase or decrease down group 7?

A

increase

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7
Q

does reactivity increase or decrease down group 7?

A

decrease

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8
Q

G2 Metal + O2 ->

A

2MO (s)

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9
Q

G2 metal oxide + H2O ->

A

M(OH)2 (aq)

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10
Q

G2 Metal + Cl2 ->

A

MCl2 (s)

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11
Q

G2 Metal + 2H2O (l) ->

A

M(OH)2 + H2

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12
Q

Does solubility of G2 metal hydroxides increase or decrease down the group? Why?

A

increase,
because ionic radius increases so it is easier to break
1- ions
HydroxIIIIdes

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13
Q

Mg + H2O(g/steam) ->

A

MgO (s) + H2 (g)

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14
Q

Does G2 metal sulphate solubility increase or decrease down the group?

A

decrease down
Bcs 2- ions
SSSSulphate - leSSSS

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15
Q

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ->
Barium nitrate + Sodium sulfate ->

A

BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)
Barium sulfate + Sodium nitrate

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16
Q

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) ->

A

CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

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17
Q

what are G2 metal oxides and hydroxides used for?

A

Neutralisation reactions and agriculture

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18
Q

what is formed when brown fumes are observed?

A

NO2
Nitrogen dioxide

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19
Q

what is the definition of thermal stability?

A

How much a compound decomposes under heat

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20
Q

What are 3 factors that affect thermal stability?

A
  • ionic radius
  • outermost shell e- quantum shell
  • charge density/of cation - 2+ stronger than 1+)
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21
Q

Is a smaller ion more or less thermally stable? And why?

A

smaller = higher charge density/more polarising = less thermal stability

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22
Q

How do you know if a compound is more thermally stable than the other?

A

less decomposition = more thermally stable

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23
Q

what is the procedure for flame tests?

A
  1. Nichrome wire
  2. dip in conc. HCl
  3. heat under blue bunsen flame
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24
Q

what are 2 issues with flame tests?

A
  • colours are subjective
  • impurities can affect colour
25
does reactivity increase or decrease down group 7? Why?
decrease bcs they have more London Forces from increased e-s and protons so more energy is needed to break stronger LFs
26
What affects the electronegativity?
- atomic radius - number of shells
27
as electronegativity decreases, stability.....
increases
28
29
2HI + NaSO4 ->
NaHSO4 + HI (misty fumes) Acid base reaction
30
6 HI + H2SO4 ->
3 I2 + S + 4H2O S is a yellow solid Redox reaction
31
8HI + H2SO4 ->
H2S + 4 I2 + 4H2O H2S has egg smell
32
CaCO3 (or decomposition of any G2 carbonates) ->
CaO + CO2
33
What is the physical state of G1/G2 nitrates and carbonates?
White solid
34
When brown fumes are observed after heating, what can i assume it is?
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
35
G1 nitrates decomposition 2NaNO3(s) ->
2NaNO2(s) + O2 (g)
36
G2 nitrate decomposition: Be(NO3)2 (s) ->
BeO (s) + 2NO2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g)
37
What is the trend of G7 elements down?
Decreasing reactivity down As Electronegativity decrease Bp mp increase
38
2Li (s) + Cl2 (g) ->
2LiCl (s)
39
Ba (s) + Br2 (l) ->
BaBr2 (s) (white solid)
40
Why are G7 ions more likely to displace those lower down the group?
Because they’re smaller, so incoming electron is more attracted by their protons Smaller number of complete inner energy levels of e-, so less repulsion
41
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) ->
HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq) Example of disproportionation
42
Why is chlorine used in water?
Disinfect for drinking purposes By killing pathogens and water bourne diseases
43
What is the reducing power trend down G7?
Increasing down As more stabilising bcs it’s less polarising
44
What is formed and their observations when sulfuric acid + sodium chloride?
Misty fumes HCl formed
45
What is formed and their observations when sulfuric acid + sodium bromide? (In a redox reaction)
Misty fumes (HBr) brown fumes (Br2) Colourless with choking smell (SO2) NaBr + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HBr 2HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
46
What is formed and their observations when sulfuric acid + sodium iodide?
Misty fumes (HI) Purple fumes/ black solid (iodine) Sulfur dioxide (colourless, choking smell) Sulfur (yellow solid) Hydrofrm sulfide (H2S) (colourless gas with rotten egg smell)
47
2 LiNO3 (decomposition)->
Li2O + NO2 + 3/2 O2
48
NaNO3 ->
NaNO2 + 1/2 O2 Same for all other G1 metals except Li
49
What does polarising mean?
ability of cation to pull the electron density of anion towards itself
50
What’s the equation for chlorine reacting with cold dilute sodium hydroxide? And name the type of reaction. (2 marks)
Cl2 + 2OH- -> H2O + Cl- + ClO- Disproportionation
51
What’s the equation for chlorine reacting with cold dilute sodium hydroxide? And name the type of reaction. (2 marks)
Cl2 + 2OH- -> H2O + Cl- + ClO- Disproportionation
52
Are G1 or G2 hydroxides more soluble?
G1 are more soluble
53
Which G2 metal does not react with water?
Beryllium
54
What does S (s) look like?
yellow solid
55
What ions are always soluble?
NAG SAG Nitrates Acetates Group 1 Sulfates Ammonium Group 7
56
What are the exceptions to the solubility rules?
PMS Castro Bear Pb (lead) Mercury Silver Caesium Strontium Barium
57
An aqueous bromine was added to an aqueous solution of chloride ions and iodide ions. State what is observed and explain. Add equation, (4 marks)
Reactivity decreases down G7 As London forces and shielding increases down Atomic radius increases down, smaller halogens are stronger in GAINING electrons No reaction when Br2 + Cl- , as Br2 is less powerful in gaining electrons Br2 + 2I- -> I2 + 2Br- Halides more likely to LOSE electrons down
58
Plan a simple experiment to compare the quantity of chloride ions in different foods. Comment on the validity of claiming the chloride content is the same as the salt content. (4 marks)
- add AgNO3 - white ppt forms (AgCl) - compare degree of whiteness/intensity - sodium ion content needs to be determined as well

Chemistry Edexcel A Level (24 decks)

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