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Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of biodiversity

A

Variety of living organisms in an area. Includes species richness and genetic diversity

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2
Q

Definition of species richness

A

Number of different species in a habitat

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3
Q

Definition of genetic diversity

A

Variation of alleles in a Species

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4
Q

Why is genetic diversity limited to a small or isolated species

A

Inbreeding leads to many homozygous offspring. This reduces gene pool and genetic diversity
Recessive diseases can become more common

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5
Q

What is endemism

A

When a species is unique to a particular place

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6
Q

Why are endemic species at risk

A

Risk of extinction
Change in environments
Inbreeding

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7
Q

What human activities reduce biodiversity

A

Deforestation: loss of habitats, population becomes smaller which leads to inbreeding and extinction

Hunting: Animals removed from ecosystem faster than they can be replenished

Agriculture: Habitats destroyed, low biodiversity as less crops grown, use of pesticides

Climate change: Burning fossil fuels resulting in change of weather and temperature

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8
Q

Why is species diversity measured

A

Measure diversity and to see change of habits overtime

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9
Q

How is sampling of a habitat done

A

Choose a sample area (Should be random using RNG)
Count number of each species
- Quadrat for plants
- Flying insect use a sweep net
- Ground insect use a pitfall trap
- Aquatic animals use net

Repeat process.
Estimate total no. of individuals.
Compare using sampling techniques

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10
Q

What is a genotype

A

The combination of alleles of an organism that codes for its phenotype

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11
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Physical characteristics of an organism which is controlled by its genotype

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12
Q

How does phenotype affect genetic diversity

A

The greater the amount of phenotypes, the greater the genetic diversity

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13
Q

How does the genotype affect the genetic diversity

A

Larger amount of DIFFERENT alleles, greater the genetic diversity

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14
Q

Equation for heterozygosity index

A

H = number of heterozygotes/ number of individuals in a population

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15
Q

Equation for biodiversity. What does each letter stand for

A

D = N(N-1)/ En(n-1)

N = total number of organisms in every species
n = total number of organisms of one species
E = sum of

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16
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role an organism plays in its habitat

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17
Q

What is anatomical adaptations?

A

These are physical structures which help increase chance of survival e.g. horns claws feathers etc

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18
Q

What is behavioural adaptations

A

When an animal acts to increase chance of survival such as a mating, ritual or defensive behaviours

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19
Q

What is physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside the body that increases the chance of survival such as venom production or the ability to digest cellulose

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20
Q

What is a selection pressure?

A

A factor that affects the organisms chance of survival

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21
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change of allele frequencies overtime

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22
Q

How does evolution occur?

A

Variation of alleles within a population causes random mutations
Section pressure arises
Individuals with beneficial alleles are better adapted to the selective pressure and able to pass on their beneficial to their offspring
This means a greater proportion of the next generation inherit the beneficial use
Individuals with less beneficial alleles die out

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23
Q

What is a species?

A

A similar group of organisms that are able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

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24
Q

What is speciation?

A

Development of new species from existing ones

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25
When does speciation occur?
When the same species become reproductively isolated This means there is less gene flow between the two populations Natural selection will act on each population separately
26
What is and are the conditions of the Hardy Weinberg principal?
If certain conditions are Met, the allele frequency within a species will not change from one generation to the next These conditions are: Mating randomly between individuals Population are large There is no migration, immigration mutation or natural selection
27
What are the Hardy Weinberg equations? And what are they used for?
p + q = 1 Calculates the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles in a specific gene p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Calculate genotype frequency in a specific population
28
What are the different groups of tax on and what are the trends?
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species As you go down each taxon the number of organism decrease however the number of similarities increase?
29
How do we name organisms?
Using the binomial system where the first part of the name is the genus and the second part of the name is its species
30
What were early classifications based on?
Based on observable phenotypes to place organisms into groups
31
What are modern classification systems based on?
Based on genotypes to see how related organisms are
32
What are the five kingdoms? What are the features?
Animals multicellular have nuclei and no cell Walls Plants are the same but with chloroplast and cellulose cell wall Fungi are the same but with chitin cell walls Protists are unicellular and have a nuclei Prokaryotes are unicellular no nuclei, flexible cell walls
33
What are the three domains?
Archaea bacteria eukarya
34
What was the grouping of domains called and what is it based on
Phylogeny: Sequencing of DNA and RNA bases Sequencing amino acids in the protein Analysing the structure of cell membranes and size ribosomes
35
What are the main features of the three domains?
Archaea: No Nucleas, No Mitochondria, No peptidoglycan cell wall, Circular DNA, 70s ribosomes Bacteria: No Nucleas, No Mitochondria, peptidoglycan cell wall, Circular DNA, 70s ribosomes Eukaryota: Nucleas, Mitochondria, No peptidoglycan cell wall, Linear DNA, 80s ribosomes
36
What are the two main ways scientist share and discuss their work?
Scientific journals and conferences
37
What is a seed bank?
A facility that helps conserve biodiversity by storing lots of seeds from many different species of plants
38
What are the conditions that seeds need to be stored?
Cool, dry
39
What are the advantages and disadvantages to seed banks?
Advantages: Cheaper to store seeds and fully grown plants Can store more Less labour Can be stored anywhere as long as it’s cool and dry Less likely to be damaged by diseases, natural disaster or vandalism Disadvantages: Viability can be expensive and time consuming Difficult to collect seeds from some plants as they make grow in remote locations
40
Why are captive breeding programs used?
To help endangered animals to breed in controlled environment to increase the population size
41
How do zoos maintain the genetic diversity?
Exchanging organisms and gam with other zoos Studbooks which records the parents and mates of organisms to prevent inbreeding IVF and Artifical Insemination
42
What are issues with captive breeding programs
Animals have a problem breading outside their natural habitats Many people believe it’s unethical to keep animals in captivity
43
What issues for re-introducing organisms to the wild?
Can bring new diseases harming other organisms in the same habitat May not behave as if they were raised in the wild. may not be able to hunt for food or communicate
44
How can seed banks be use for research
Can study how to successfully grow seeds which helps with re-introduction Can endangered plants for medical research so they do not need to be removed from wild Disadvantage is only studying seeds from seed banks limits data to small inbred population
45
How can zoos help with research?
 increases knowledge about behaviour physiology and nutritional needs Can carry out research that can be done in wild The animals and captivity may act differently to those in the wild
46
What are the functions of features of the cell wall?
Rigid structure that surround the plant made out of cellulose Provide support to the plant cell
47
Functional features of Middle Lamella
Sticks adjacent plants together for stability and is made out of calcium pectate and magnesium pectate
48
Function and features of plasmodesmata
Channels in the cell which links adjacent cells together Enable transport of substance and communication between cells
49
Functional features of pits
Depressions in the cell wall Enable the transport substance between plants cells
50
Features and functions of the chloroplast
Double membrane organelles Contains membranes called thylakoids These Stick together to form grana Stroma is the thick fluid inside the chloroplast Contains chlorophyll which absorbs like and is a green pigment This is where synthesis takes place
51
Functions and features of amyloplast
Membrane organelles containing starch granules Storage for plants and convert glucose for respiration 
52
Vacuole and tonoplast
Vacuole is surrounded by tonoplasts which controls what goes in and out of the vacoule Vacuole cells contains sap and it is used to maintain turgidity And stores and breaks down waste products
53
What are features and function of a xylem
To provide support and transport water and dissolve minerals of the plants(transpiration stream) This movement due to cohesion adhesion do not require energy Long tube, formed from dead cells Hollow lumen with no cytoplasm or end walls Cell wall thickened by lignin to make them waterproof Pits are found to allow substances to move in and out
54
Features and function of sclerenchyma fibres
Provide support Not involved in transport Made out of dead cells, hollow lumen, and thickened by lignin They have end walls but no pits More cellulose than other plants
55
Features and functions of a phloem tissues
They transport organic solute from where they are made to where they are needed (translocation) Via active transport Made sieve tubes Which are living cells and are joined together end to end They have end walls with lots of holes called sieve plates to allow solutes to pass through Sieve cells have no nucleus very few organelles and a thin layer cytoplasm to maximise the amount of solute it can carry Cannot survive without companion cell Carry out living functions for both themselves and sieve cells providing energy from ATP for active transport
56
What is a vascular bundle composed of
Sclerenchyma on edge Phloem in middle Xylem at the end of
57
Devise a practical to observe planet stems
Cut equal very thin piece of stem using scalpel Transfer each section into a dish containing a suitable stain such as TBO and leave for certain amount of time Rinse off in water and place on microscope slide Please cover slip and view under the microscope Draw A scientific diagram
58
What is the cell structure of starch
Plants store excess glucose as starch Contains amylose -Unbranched -Alpha glucose - 1-4 glycosidic bonds - coiled- more compact for storage AmyloPectin: Branched Alpha glucose 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds Lots of side branches for quick hydrolysis Starch is insoluble so it does not swell so it is good for storage
59
What is the structure of cellulose?
Unbranched chain beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds Chains are linked by hydrogen bond to form threads called microfibrils
60
How are microfibrils formatted?
In cellulose every other beta glucose is inverted Therefore hydrogen forms between hydroxyl group in carbon two and carbon six of a different glucose molecules In the cell wall they arrange in a net like structure giving the strength
61
What is secondary thickening?
When structural parts of the plant cell finish growing producing a secondary wall between the normal cell wall and the cell membrane It is thicker and is made out of lignin
62
What is a sustainable resource?
A resource that can be used indefinitely without running out so they are available for future generations
63
How are plant fibres used for sustainability?
They are used to make ropes and fabrics They are biodegradable Plants are easy to grow and process Cheap
64
How is starch used for sustainability?
Can make bio plastics and bio fuels
65
What is the equation for tensile strength
Tensile strength = breaking force(N)/ cross sectional area(mm^2)
66
Devise a practical for tensile strength
Cut plant fibres of five different cross-sectional areas Make sure they’re from the same plants Attached to clamp stand and add mass onto the end of the plant fibre Add the mass one by one and have equal breaks between each one Record the mass at which fibre breaks Repeat to calculate the mean Then repeat all to calculate each different cross-sectional areas Calculate tensile strength
67
Why do plants need water
Requires for photosynthesis Provides transport medium for minerals Maintains turgidity in the plant cell Regulate temperature as water evaporating helps the plank cool down
68
Why does the plant need magnesium ions
For the production of chlorophyll to provide the green colour and essential for absorbing light for photosynthesis
69
Why do plants need nitrate ions?
Is used to synthesise DNA and produce amino acids proteins, enzymes and chlorophyll These molecules are essential for plant as well as production of fruit and seeds
70
Why do plants need calcium irons?
It is an important component of the cell wall as the middle Lamella is made of calcium pectate therefore it is required for plant growth
71
What does water deficiency lead to?
The lack of photosynthesis, the plant has stunted growth yellow leaves and starts wilting
72
What does magnesium ion deficiency lead to?
Lack of chlorophyll needs the Stunted growth and yellow leaf
73
What does lack of nitrate ions lead to?
Due to lack of chlorophyll and protein synthesis there is a stunted growth yellow leaves red brown tints and early leaf fall
74
What does lack of calcium ions lead to?
Due to weakened cell, reduced metabolism and decrease membrane permiability there is a stunted growth and weakened stem?
75
What are antimicrobial properties?
To kill or inhibit the growth of a microorganism
76
What are conditions for bacterial growth?
A source of nutrients to respire and grew A supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration Warm temperature and pH for enzyme activity for the metabolic rate Bacteria might become pathogenic if grown above 25°C
77
List five aseptic techniques
Regularly disinfecting the work surfaces minimise contamination Use sterile equipment and discarded safely after Limiting the time Petri dish containing bacteria open Closing windows and Doors to prevent droughts disturbing the air When transferring the agar plate work near Bunsen burner so the hot wind draws the microbes in the air away by convection
78
Devise a Method for investigating the effects of mineral deficiencies on plants
Put a given amount of solution containing all nutrients into a test tube Place a cotton wall into the test tube just above the solution to let it soak in some of the nutrients Place nine equal size , weight, and age seeds onto a mass balance and record the mass Place seedlings on top of the cotton and wrap the tube in tinfoil to ensure no light reaches the solution Repeat all steps for difference solutions(-NO3,-Mg, etc) Leave Near a light source for a certain amount of time Remove blot dry and record the mass calculate the percentage change Make note of the physical differences between the plants Make sure volume of solution is kept equal. The type of seed is kept the same. The seeds are from the same plant. Same amount of tinfoil and cotton is used same amount of time near light source

Idk (4 decks)

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