TOPIC 4 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What are the three different types of skeletal cartilage?
A
hyaline, elastic and fibrous
2
Q
function of hyaline cartilage
A
flexibility and resilience
3
Q
function of elastic cartilage
A
more stretchy
4
Q
function of fibrous cartilage and where is it found
A
compressible and very strong.
Found in areas where there is a lot of pressure on the skeleton, Eg. Spinal column, knee joints, pubic synthesis
5
Q
where is hyaline cartilage found
A
Attached to the nose, intervertebral discs, very common, joint surfaces, trachea
6
Q
where is elastic cartilage found
A
only 2 areas of body with it: ear and epiglottis
7
Q
when does cartilage stop growing
A
Cartilage usually stops growing in adolescents once the skeleton stops growing. Most growth in utero, through childhood and adolescentce.
8
Q
why do the nose and ears appear to keep growing even though they aren’t actually?
A
Appearance of ears and nose growth due to dropping not actual enlargement. Skin also contains collagen and elastic fibres and also droops.
9
Q
Function of bones and skeleton:
A
- provide support form for the body
- Support tissues, protects organs
- Permit movement by providing points of attachment for muscles
- Site of blood cell formation= haemotopoeisis
- Mineral storage particularly calcium and phosphate
- Fat storage particularly in yellow bone marrow in the shape of triglycerides
- Hormone production. In Bone some cells also produce osteocalcin which is a hormone that is involved in the regulation insulin secretion
10
Q
how many bones in the body
A
206 bones ( 80 axial, 126 appendicular )
11
Q
what is compact bone
A
Compact ( cortical) bone- dense outer layer of bone
12
Q
what is spongy bone
A
Spongy (cancellous bone) ( contrabecular bone)- honey Combe structure
13
Q
what is the periosteum
A
Periosteum ( lining or outside of compact bone) and endosteum ( lines inside of compact bone and all trabeculae and perifillating canals)
14
Q
what are the parts of the skeleton
A
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
15
Q
what are the different shapes/ types of bones?
A
Long , flat , (sesamoid)short, irregular bone and short
16
Q
Long bone examples
A
all appendicular bones except the patella and wrist and ankle bones bones
17
Q
flat bone examples
A
clavicles, ribs and scapula
18
Q
short bone examples
A
patella, wrist and ankles
19
Q
short (sesamoid) bone examples
A
patella, wrist and ankles
20
Q
irregular bone examples
A
facial bones, skull, vertebrae and hip bones
21
Q
what is the diaphysis
A
diaphysis ( shaft of long bone)
22
Q
what is the medullary cavity
A
long bone hollow inside is called the medullary cavity and is lined by endosteum
23
Q
what does the endosteum line
A
Endosteum also lines all little trabeculae inside the spong bone and the outside of thhe medullary cavity in the compact bone
24
Q
what connective tissue surrounds te whole outseide of the bone?
A
All around bone is periosteum ( membrane) apart from where bone articulates with another bone where it’s covered by articulate cartilage which is usually hyaline cartilage.
25
what are the ends of the bone called
Ends of bone called epiphysis. Top is proximal epihysis ( proximal to Center of body) and the one on other side is distal epiphany ( distal to Center of body)
26
what is the line of ossified cartilage at the head of the spongy bone in adults called
Also epiphyseal line that is only found in adults. If adolescent or child instead would be replaced by cartilage called epiphyseal plate. Plate allows bone growth to continue
27
what does the periosteum contain
Periosteum around bone also contains Osteoprogenitor cells which turn into osteoblasts and produce bone and osteoclasts which destroy bone
Also blood vessels and nerves which go into bones
28
where is red bone marrow initially found in children?
Red bone marrow is initially in all medullary cavities and in all spongy bone so when children everywhere. As adults most of that is replaced bby yellow bone marrow and only bone marrow left is in head of humerous, head of femur ( thigh bone(p) and in flat bones
29
where is compact and spongy bone found
Compact bone around shaft
| Spongy bone towards epiphysis
30
structure of periostium
.it is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. Periosteum has an inner and outer layer and it’s anchored to bone by perforating ( sharpeys) fibres
31
where do osteoblasts derive from
osteoprogenitor cells ( stem cell)
32
what do osteoblasts do
- specialised fibroblasts that make collagen fibres for bone, produce ground substance ( non mineralised bone matrix or osteoids)
- produce osteocalcin hormone
- Can turn into lining cells on bone surfaces
- Respond to parathyroid hormones
- Responsible for bone growth
33
what are osteocytes
Osteocytes ( mature bone cell)
once osteocalcin forms osteoblasts turn into osteocytes where they get embedded into bone matrix.
( initially we start with non mineralised bone matrix which becomes calcified/ mineralised and that’s when osteoblasts turn to osteocytes)
34
what do osteocytes do
Monitor what’s going on with bone/ sense if there’s additional stress on the bone and can trigger more bone regrowth and remodelling
( monitor and maintain the mineralised bone matrix)
35
how are osteocytes similar to chondroblasts
Very similar to chondroblasts living in indents called lacunae
36
how does the mineralisation process of bone occur?
mineralization process occurs by forming of calcium and phosphate salts which then are arranged as little crystals around collagen fibers.
So... the mineralised part is pretty much in organic material and lasts well beyond death
37
what do osteoclast do
a bit like white blood cells don’t derive from osteoprogenitor (come from white blood cell lineage)
Muktinucleiated
Like a phagocyte, eats up bone matrix and also osteoblasts
Contain digestive enzymes so can digests what ever they gobble up
38
what are the structural components of compact bone
Made up of osteon ( Haversian system) which consists of vein, artery and a nerve. around it are lamellae made up of mineralized/ calcified bone matrix with osteocytes interspersed within it ( linked up by canaliculi)
Lamalle contain collagen fibers. Collagen fibers in different lap aloe may go in different directions ( giving bone incredible strength)
39
would you find osteoblasts in haversian canals
yes
40
what is inbetween haversian canals
Inbetween canals are branches in between called perforating canals
41
are osteons in spongy bone
Osteons not in spongy bone, but lamellae are.
42
in utero what is skeleton made up of
in Utero skeleton made purely of hyaline cartilage.
Only by month 3 does bone tissue begin to develop. Bone gets longer and gets ossified by process of endochondrial ossification.
43
does cartilage get mineralised
Bone and cartilage are 2 different types of tissue, so cartilage doesn’t get mineralised, it disappears and replaced by bone tissue which eventually gets mineralised
Initial bone tissue is non mineralised matrix.
44
long bone ossification process?
***
9 weeks- bone collar forms around diaphysis
Cartilage calcifies in center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities
3 months- periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification center appears in the epiphyses
The epiphyses ossify when ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articulated cartilages
45
flat bone ossification process
In flat bones, a bit digferent and is called intramembranous ossification and starts off with fibrous connective tissue and then osteoblasts forming osteotes
46
when does bone growth stop
Bone growth stops roughly 18 girls 21 boys
Bone growth can still occur in adults if there is more pressure/ load and stress on the bone Eg, ppl doing bodybuilding or sports.
We might need to increase the strength of our bones by making it thicker and that usually happens in the shaft area and is called appositional growth.
Length bone growth doesn’t really happen any more...
47
when does the opposite of bone growth happen
Opposite of bone growth happens when ppl are bedridden or don’t use their bone for a long time ( been imobalised) bone gets reabsorbed and uses strength
48
2 objectives of body when it comes to bone
making sure bones are strong enough to deal with daily forces
Keep calcium levels in blood steady ( between range of 9-11mg/ 100ml)
49
why are calcium levels important
Calcium levels important as calcium irons pass on signals from nerves to muscle cells.
If calcium levels were low body does all it can to get calcium out of bone so enough in blood.
50
low calcium feedback loop
S: decrease in calcium
R: parathyroid hormones
M: parathyroid hormone released
E: PTH stimulates osteoblasts by releasing protein Rank L (ps. vitamin d also stimulates this protein increase, oestrogen and testosterone decrease rank l) which then acts on osteoclasts causing it to gobble up bone tissue and release calcium into blood
R: osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release ca+ into blood
F: increase in calcium levels
51
how are Bone strength, shape and thickness regulated by body
Bone strength, shape and thickness is purely regulated by body used bone, what forces act on them, and how trabeculae are arranged
52
bone healing process
1)hemotoma forms
Bone highly vascularised so blood leaks into tissue and blood clot forms first between bone ends caused by fracture, causes pain and swelling
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms ( soft callus connecting 2 bone ends from fracture). Fibroblasts and chondroblast come and produce collagen fibres and ground substance ( a few days).
3) Bony callus forms. Subcalcification occurs and eventual soft fibrocartilaginous fibre gets replaced by bone tissue. Osteoblasts come and produce bone matrix and osteocytes ( 1 week to 2 months)
4) Bone remodelling occurs ( 2 months- year) fine tuning of how the bone should look like, depends on how the bone is used. bone will soon look same as it was before bone. To happen properly needs for bones to be aligned properly and that we immobilise it, needs good nutrients and. Loose circulation. Factors that will impede healing process include: smoking, older age, diabetes,
53
types of fractures
Simple fractures- straight through bone
Compound fractures- bone pokes through skin
Comminuted- several fragments
Compression- bone crushed ( particularly in spinal column)
Spiral- ragged break when excessive twisting forced are applied to bone
Epiphyseal - epiphyseal seperate from diaphysis along plate
Green tick- bone breaks incompletely
Depressed broken bone portion is pressed inward
54
types of bone markings
Crest- narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Trochante- large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Head- bony expansion carried on a narrow neck eg. head of femur
Facet joints-smooth nearly flat articulate (joint) surface eg. vertebrae and spinal column
Foramen- round oval opening through a bone
Notch p- indentation at edge of a structure eg. sternum botch
55
REVIEW SKELETON
REVIEW SKELETON
56
How many vertebrae in the spine
Has 7 cervial, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar
Remember by.... “ breakfast at 7 lunch at 12 and dinner at 5”
57
what are the top 2 cervical bones and what do they allow
2 top cerviacle bones are the atalas and axis- provides some movement between skill and verbal colum ( allows nodding)
The axis 2nd one has the dense where atlas rests on and atlas can rotate on it enabling us to shake our heads
58
what does the thoracic vertebrae allow
Thoracic vertebrae allow twisting but no flexion or extension ( happens in lumbar spine)
59
what movement does the lumbar vertebrae allow
Lumbar spine also allows lateral flection
60
what shapes does the spine have
Spine has double curvature ( double s bend)
Top- cervicle curvature (concave) , then thoracic curvature (convex), lumbar curvature- inwards( concave), and sacral curvature ( convex)
61
why does the spine have for stability
For stability spine has a lot of ligaments, biggest one is anterior longtudinal ligament which is attached to discs
and vertebral body. ( posterior ligament as well but only attached to discs- reinforced by ligamentum flavum)
62
from a top view of the spinalcord what is the bone sticking posteriorly
the vertebrae spinous process
63
fro a top view what are the 2 bones to the side of the body and spinous process
On 2 sides of body- transverse process
64
what are the Lamina in the spine
the Lamina are indents on transverse process connection to vertebrae spinous process
65
what are the Pedicles of the vertebrae
Pedicle of vertebrae attach the transverse processes to the body. Facet of Superior articular processes protrude up on them
66
review close up spine diagram
review close up spine diagram
67
where do nerves run up and down in the spinal column
Between vertebrae on intervertebral foramen nerves come out
68
what are the intervertebral discs in the spinal column like
Discs are fibrous and have a ring on outside called anulous fibrousis and a Center called the nucleus palposus, when that fibrosis ruptures nucleus can get out and push onto spinal cord.
69
Some examples spinal issues
Some examples spinal issues
Scoliosis - spinal bend to one side
Kyphosis- hunchback. can be caused by osteoporosis,
Lordosis- inward curve of lower back. can happen during pregnancy
70
how many ribs attached to thoracic cage
12 ribs
7 are true ribs as they connect directly to sternum
8-12 false ribs
7-10 connect through just cartilage to the 7th
11 and 12 are floating ribs
71
parts of the sternum
Sternum has 3 parts
1) manubrium,
2) followed by body ( can feel sternal angle between this and notch)
3) and then the xiphoid process
Jugular notch at top, Clavicular notch at Side of manubrium
72
where should cpr compressions be done
Bottom third of sternum is where you should do CPR compressions
73
illiac crest
...
74
superior illiac spine
...
75
ischium
Ischium has rough area at back called the charter ishial tuberosity which we call sits bones
...
76
pubic with superior and inferior Raines
...
77
Pubis bones joined by pubic arch ( cartilage )
...
78
Sacrum
sacrum is pelvis
| ...
79
iliac bone
...
80
why is the pelvis shaped the way it is
Pelvic shape important for child birth
81
Do pelivc bone quizlet
do pelvic bone quizlet
82
Do pelvic bone quizlet
do pelvic bone quizlet
83
how are joints classified
Joint are classified by STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
84
joint functional classifications
functional classifications is based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint.
synarthroses- which are immovable joints
amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints
diarthroses- freely movable joints.
85
what are synarthroses
synarthroses- which are immovable joints
86
what are amphiarthroses
amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints
87
what are diarthroses
diarthroses- freely movable joints.
88
what are the structural bone classifications
Structurally, there are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
89
fibrous joints include
Fibrous joints include: suture, syndesmosis and Gomphosis
90
difference between ligaments and tendons
ligaments join bone to bone, tendons join muscle to bone
| Ligaments that join bone to bone depends on how small or long fibrous/ collagen connections are
91
what is a suture
fibrous joint
Sutures: skull mostly, joint held together with very short interconnecting fibres and bone edges interlock. (Example of a synarthroses)
92
what is a syndesmosis
Syndesmosis: ( can be an amphiarthroses). Joints held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than sutures.
93
what is a gomphosis
Gomphosis: is a more specific type of fibrous joint where teeth are imbedded into maxillary and manbible. “Peg In socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament hold tooth in socket.
94
Cartilaginous joints include
Cartilaginous joints: include synchondroses and symphyses
95
what are Synchondroses joints like
cartilaginous joint,
| Synchondroses: bones united by hyaline cartilage Eg. Epiphysial plate and between rib and sternum
96
what are Symphyses joints like
cartilaginous joint,
| Symphyses: bones united by fibrocartilage eg. Intervertebral discs and pubic symphosis ( amphiarthroses)
97
what are some general characteristics of Diarthrosis/ synovial joints
- have a joint cavity ( sometimesr the joint cavity accomodates space between bones by adding Cartilage discs called meniscus and also by containing fluid which acts to buffer and bridge the joints
- joint surfaces always covered by hyaline cartilage
- Capsule around joint with fibrous layer
- Can be ligaments around the joint that stablise the joint. Ligaments are not part of the capsule but are on the outside and are usually covered by the synovial membrane
- May also see the bursa ( fluid fillled sacks that act like a buffer for protection and also might guide tendons across a joint)
- Can also have tendon sheaths where several tendons may run within one connective tissue tunnel or stealth around them
- Can also have some ligaments that are sort of in the joint but not within the joint casplemas such Eg, knee joint looking top done , anterior cruciade ligament and posterior cruciade ligament
98
what do joints do
provide a lot of different types of movements
| Movements determined by the shape of joint
99
gliding joint movement example
Gliding movements at the wrists,
100
angular joint movement example
angular movements: flexion, and hypertension of the neck.
flexion, extension, and hyper extension of the vertebral column.
flexion, extension and hypertension at shoulders and knee
abduction ( away from midline of body), addiction ( towards midline of body) and circumduction of the upper limb at shoulder
101
what is flexion
...
102
what is hypertension
...
103
what is extension
...
104
what is abduction
abduction ( away from midline of body)
105
what is adduction
adduction ( towards midline of body)
106
what is circumduction
...
107
rotation joint movement examples
Rotation of the head, neck and lower limb
lateral rotation-
medial rotation-
108
what is Pronation ad supination
Pronation ( facing palms towards floor) and supination ( moving palms facing upwards)
109
what is Doris flexion and plantar flexion
Doris flexion- toes/ feet upwards
| plantar flexion- toes feet downwards
110
what is Inversion and eversion of foot
inversion- bottom of feet facing outwards
| exversion- facing inwards
111
what is Protraction and retraction
Protraction moving mandible forward
| retraction moving mandible inward
112
what is Elevated and depressed
Elevated jaw up
| depressed jaw down/ open
113
what is Opposition movement
thumb clenching movement
114
what are the 6 types of synovial joints
plane joint
Hinge joints
pivotal joints
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
115
what is the plane joint and what movement does it allow
plane joint - non axial movements ( gliding) Eg. Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
Six types of synovial joint shapes determine the movements that can occur at a joint.
( allow movement in only one axis)
116
what is the hinge joint and what movement does it allow
Hinge joints - uniaxial movement ( flexion and extension) Eg.Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
117
what is a pivotal joint and what movement does it allow
pivotal joints- uniaxial movements ( Rotation) Eg. Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
( allow movement in 2 axis)
118
what is the condylar joint and what movement does it allow
Condylar joint- Biaxial movement ( Flexion and extension ) Eg. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
Adduction and abduction
119
what is the saddle joint and what movement does it allow
Saddle joint- Biaxial movement (Adduction and abduction
Flexion and extension Eg. Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
( allow movement in multiple axis)
120
what is the ball in socket joint and what movement does it allow
Ball-and-socket joint- multiaxial movement (Flexion and extension) Eg. Shoulder joints and hip joints
121
what moves joints
muscles move joints
122
what attaches muscle to bone
Tendon attaches muscle to bone
123
what is the Epiphysium
Epiphysium - connective tissue - surrounds the whole muscle / all muscle fibres
124
what are invividual fascicles surrounded by
Around individual fascicles is surrounded by perimysium
125
what does the Endomysium surround
Endomysium surrounds EACH muscle fibre
126
Fascile is made up of ..
Fascile is made up of individual muscle fibres. And a muscle fibre is ONE MUSCLE CELL. ( can be very long, up to 10-100 micrometers in diameter)
127
what are muscle cells like
Muscle cells are muktinucleiated, muscle fibre is made up of little structures called myofibrils.
- Muscle fibres have all same organelles and structures but specificly also have myofibrils.
128
structural organisation of muscles
Muscle-> fascicle-> muscle fibre-> myofibrils
129
what is the origin and insertion point of a muscle*
when we talk about muscles there is ORIGIN ( where it attaches to the bones- less movable part) and INSERTION POINT ( where muscle attaches to more movable part) ????
130
what is an aponeurosis
a sheetlike connective tissue that connects the muscle to bone Eg. External oblique abdominal muscles
131
what 2 myofillaments are myofibrils made up of
thick- myosin, thin- actin
132
what determines the light and dark sections of myofibrils
Depending on where myosin and actin are and whether they overlap or not determines how light or dark it looks giving it the characteristic stripe.
Parts without thick fillaments appear lighter, also parts without double layer appear lighter
133
where are z discs found
z disks are on the ends of the sarcomere with actin fillaments suspending from them
134
what is a sarcomere
z disc to z disc. In middle is M line.
135
myofibril within muscle fibre has what instead of endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasm reticulum is called sarcoplasmic reticulum, with terminal systems (thick expanding bits), and t tubule which are directly linked to sarcolemma (as extensions of cell plasma membranes)
136
what do t tubules do
T tubules conduct electric impulse that arrive at muscle fibre and allow it to travel all the way into the cell and around all those myofibrils
137
what characteristics do thick myosin fillaments have on them
have myosin heads poking up
138
what characteristics do thin actin fillaments have
- have little holes that act as attachments sites she myosin head can attach and bridge, but they are usually covered up by proteins called tropomyosin ( strands of protein).
- Typomyosin anchored to the actin by another protein called troponin
- Troponin plays an important role when wanting to diagnose if someone has had a heart attack or not as it is released into blood of you have a myocardial infarction ( cell death in Cardiac muscle due to not enough oxygen supply), when cardiac muscles die troponin gets released into blood stream due to leakage in dead cells. Skeletal and cardiac muscle both have troponin and when it leaks into the bloodstream it can be measured. ( diagnostic measures )
- contraction of the muscle happens when thin fillaments slide against the myosin thick fillaments and move towards the center of the sarcomere - this shortens the whole sarcomere
139
what is muscle contraction
original impulse comes from motor cortex in the brain in the frontal lobe in an area called the precentral gyrus. Travels to specific motor neurons/ nerves in our spinal cord and those electrical impulses called action potentials will eventually arrive at a muscle fibre ( of a muscle). That action potential will then spread around the muscle fibres and lead to contraction of those fibres ( shortening of the sarcomeres in those muscle fibres)
140
steps of muscle contraction
1) starts in brain prefrontal gyrus. And nerves that from originate there end up in the spinal cord Where they are carried by motor neurons to the muscle cells
2) Events at neuromuscular junction
3) Muscle fibre excitation
4) Excitation- contraction coupling
5) Cross bright cycling
141
what events occur at tthe neruomuscular juction in muscle contraction
- Action potential (AP) arrives at axon terminal at neuromuscular junction
- Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal, moving down its electrochemical gradient.
- Ca2+ entry causes ACh (a neurotransmitter) to be released by exocytosis.
- diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the sarcolemma.
- ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which produces a local change in the membrane potential called the end plate potential.
- Acl effects are terminated by its breakdown in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase and diffusion away from the junction.
142
what is muscle fibre excitataion
muscle fibre excitation- local depolarisation triggers an action potential in adjacent sarcolemma
143
what are the steps of muscle fibre excitation
1) An end plate potential is generated at the neuromuscular junction.
(EPP) causes a wave of depolarisation that spreads to sarcolemma.
2) Action potential Depolarization: Generating and propagating an action potential.
Depolarisation of the sacrolemma opens voltage gated sodium channels. Sodium enters, following electrochemical gradient. At a certain membrane voltage an AP is generated/ initiated. The AP spreads do adjacent areas of sarcolemma and opens voltagebgated sodium channels there propagating the AP. The AP propagated along the sarcolemma in a L directions, just like ripples from a pebble dropped in a pond.
3) Repolarization: Restoring the sarcolemma to its initial polarized state (negative inside, positive outside).
Depolarisation wave is also a consequence of opening and closing iron channels - voltage gated na channels close and voltage gated potassium channels open. The potassium iron concentration is substantially higher inside the cell than in the extracellular fluid so postaaium diffuses out of the muscle fibre . This restores the negatively charged conditions inside that are characteristic of a sarcolemma at rest.
144
what happens during excitation- contraction coupling
AP In sarcolemma travels down t tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ (due to AP)
Ca+2 binds to troponin which shifts tropomyosin to uncover the myosin binding sites on actin. Myosin head bind actin ( cross bridge)
145
what happens during cross bridge cycle
contraction occurs via cross bridge cycling
Thin fillaments slides against thick fillaments ( lots of bonding and detaching)
Original formation of cross bridge ( energised version of myosin- had ATPattached before)-> myosin head bends over over pushing actin towards m line-> atp attaches to myosin head causing it to detach from the actin-> it’s free to then attach to another actin molecule as it moves on
atp not needed for attachment but for detachment
when your dead no more atp so myosin heads permanently attached to actin not being able to detach ( stiff musles)
Protein breakdown of myosin is what causes stiffness to go away
146
what are the types of coontractions
isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
147
what are isotonic contractions
Shortening of the muscles through shortening of sarcomeres is called an isotonic contraction eg. Lifting arm, bending leg
148
what are isometric contractions
Isometric contraction- no change in muscle length only in the tension. Myosin heads still bind to actin fillaments but they don’t slide against each other Eg. Happens to maintain general muscle tone , stabilise joints, exercising muscles without being able to move joint
149
t of f
| muscles dont need alot of energy
false.
muscles need a lot of energy
Energy is ATP
3 different ways of how we can produce energy: direct phosphorylation, anaerobic pathway, aerobic pathway
Muscle cells doesn’t have a lot of storage of energy
150
what is Direct phosphorylation metod of producing energy
Direct phosphorylation
creatine phosphate gets split into creatine by an enzyme and that oroduces ATP.
Not that efficient, only produce one ATP per CP, creatine
No oxygen use
151
3 ways of producing energy
3 different ways of how we can produce energy: direct phosphorylation, anaerobic pathway, aerobic pathway
152
similarities between aerobic and anaerobic pathway
Both aerobic and anaerobic are producing atp from glucose/ glycogen breakdown
153
what happens during the anarobic patway
Anaerobic energy pathway
- glucose getting turned into pyruvic acid producing 2 atp per glucose and lactic acid, but lactic acid causes soreness of exersise.
- no oxygen use
154
what happens during the aerobic pathway
Aerobic energy pathway
pyruvic acid being broken down in mitochondria in kerbs cycle producing 32 atp per glucose, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Uses oxygen
Can also break down fatty acids and amino acids to make glucose to make energy via this process
155
what determines the energy producing pathway used by the body
-depending on how much oxygen is available determines which pathway. Oxygen availability depends on 1) how quickly we can breathe, and exchange oxygen demand 2) how much oxygen can get to the muscle ( if we contract muscles= often constrict blood vessels cutting off oxygen supply)
156
smooth muscle characteristics
- one nucleus
- Line hollow organsm including blood vessels
- Spindle shapes
- Not as long and big in diameter as skeletal muscles
- Arranged in 2 different ways in hollow organs ( circular arrangement vs longtudinal arrangement)
- No connective tissue attached
- No proper neuromuscular junction ( have varocosities that attach to smooth muscle cells and AP travels from cell to cell via gap junctions)
- No t tubules; action potential travels from one cell to another by gap junctions
- No stripes / no sarcomere but same myofilaments, no troponin
157
difference in how actin and myosin act in smooth muscle
Action with myosin and actin pretty much same, still sliding movements and myosin heads binding to actin, still need atp to activate myosin heads and calcium playing a role BUT no troponin that bind to calcium- instead it’s calmodulin protein activates another enzyme called myosin kinase that causes the ATP to attach to myosin head.
158
what are some smooth muscle shapes/name**
```
convergent
circular
fusiform
parallel
bipennate
unipennate
```
review**
159
what determines muscle name
names determined by location, size, direction, number or heads in a muscle, where the attachments are , shape
160
what is a lever
- A lever is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum, when a force is applied to it. The applied force, or effort, is used to move a resistance, or load.
- In your body, your joints are the fulcrums, and your bones act as levers.
- Depending how far they ( load, fulcrum and effort) are and how they relate to eat other determines the types of levers.
161
what is a power lever
the load is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum, a small effort exerted over a relatively large distance can move a large load over a small distance (Figure 10.2a). Such a lever is said to operate at a mechanical advantage and is commonly called a power lever
162
what is a speed lever
the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum, the force exerted by the muscle must be greater than the load to be moved or supported (Figure 10.2b). This lever system is a speed lever and operates at a mechanical disadvantage.
- if the effort If further away from the fulcrum than the load you need less force. If it’s closer it improves speed but you need more power.
163
how many layers of abdominal muscle
3 layers of abdominal muscles
164
review muscles
review muscles
