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PSYC251 > Topic 4 Action pt 1 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Action pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is action?

A
  • change the environment
  • somatic (skeletal mm moves limbs)
  • autonomic
  • internal to CNS
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2
Q

What is an example of internal action to CNS

A

updating memory: holding a phone number in our minds and then updating it to change it to the right phone number
switching tasks: studying one subject then studying another subject right after

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3
Q

What is the problem with action and why is this important?

A

problem: how to effect change in the world
importance: necessary to achieve goals (eat, drink, reproduce, survive)

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4
Q

Action: inverse problems

A

planning which actions to take in order to achieve goals

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5
Q

inverse model

A
  • current position and desired position
  • > motor command
  • used to create motor plan
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6
Q

used to create motor plan

A

inverse model

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7
Q

forward model

A
  • current position and motor command
  • > predicted position
  • used to evaluate motor plan and/or action
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8
Q

Carson is playing the piano. Which part of the brain is he using the most to do these movements?

A

supplementary motor cortex

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9
Q

feedforward control uses ______

A

feedforward model uses inverse model

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10
Q

feedback model uses ______

A

feedback model uses both inverse model (because it has a feedforward controller) as well as the forward model (because it uses comparator)

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11
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for initiation and termination of movement

A

basal ganglia

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12
Q

actuator

A

to cause something to operate or to activate something (muscles)

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13
Q

Which homunculus has bigger area for the hand? somatosensory or motor?

A

motor

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14
Q

how does using top down and bottom up processing help?

A

probably helps speed things up

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15
Q

function of brainstem centers

A

basic movements and postural control

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16
Q

Supplementary motor cortex is ____ to primary motor cortex and ______ to premotor cortex

A

Supplementary motor cortex is rostral to primary motor cortex and dorsal to premotor cortex

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17
Q

What is it called when we are able to write the same sentence despite using different mm groups?

A

motor equivalence

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18
Q

current position and desired conditions

-> motor command

A

inverse model

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19
Q

current position and motor command

-> predicted position

A

forward model

20
Q

efference copy

A

internal copy of a motor command

21
Q

Faster but less accurate (feedforward or feedback control?)

A

feedforward control

22
Q

feedback control (4 points)

A
  • motor control sent to mm
  • actual state compared to desired state
  • adjustments made based on errors
  • slower, but more accurate
23
Q

feedforward control (2 points)

A
  • motor command sent to mm

- faster, but less accurate

24
Q

Quench thirst

A

goal

25
Q

drink from cup

A

conceptual level

26
Q

pick up cup from right hand

A

effector level

27
Q

activate appropriate mm in arm

A

implementation level (actuator is mm)

28
Q

supplementary motor cortex

A
  • involved in selecting goals and planning actions at a conceptual level
  • particularly when plans involve internally generated sequence of actions
  • keeps track of where we are in the sequence
29
Q

peristimulus time histogram

A

shows action potentials during individual trials as well as histogram of action potential firings over time (recordings from SMA allows us to know that neurons fire in anticipation of a sequence of events)

30
Q

When do neurons fire in the SMA?

A
  • some neurons fire in anticipation of a sequence
  • some neurons fire in anticipation of a particular action in a particular sequence
  • some neurons fire in anticipation of the next particular action (could be any action, such as the 3rd action of any sequence of movement)
31
Q

what does injecting muscimol do to the SMA?

A
  • GABA agonist to manipulate SMA
  • animal trained to already do particular sequence of actions is injected with muscimol to SMA
  • injecting muscimol turns off this brain area temporarily
32
Q

What happened to the primates ability to do a learned sequence when their SMA was inhibited ?

A

Although the primates could still do cued sequences, the primates made a lot of mistakes when they were asked to do a learned sequence

33
Q

True or False: The motor cortex represents specific mm actions

A

false: the motor cortex represents directional movements of body parts, not the specific mm actions

34
Q

Signals from motor cortex travel directly to ____

A

signals from motor cortex travel directly to lower motor neurons and lower circuit in the brainstem and spinal cord

35
Q

motor cortex activity is related to ____

A

movement direction

36
Q

response rate as a function of direction of movement can be summarized by a

A

tuning curve

37
Q

In a population vector, what does the length of the arrow mean?

A

long arrow: relative rate of firing increases, increase intensity

short arrow: relative rate of firing decreases, decrease intensity

38
Q

population vector

A

accurately represents actual movement direction

39
Q

do population vectors represent the action has been taken?

A

no, population vectors are plans of the movement.

first we are given a cue, then neurons fire (population vector), then the “go” signal is given

40
Q

basal ganglia function

A
  • help select, initiate, and inhibit movements through cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamocortical loops
  • dopamine based reinforcement learning
  • participate in motor control, cognitive control, and emotional control
41
Q

Direct pathway

A
  • Cortex
  • striatum
  • GPi/SNr
  • Thalamus
  • Cortex
42
Q

Indirect pathway

A
  • Cortex
  • Striatum
  • GPe
  • STN (subthalamic nucleus)
  • GPi/SNr
  • Thalamus
  • Cortex
43
Q

Hyperdirect pathway

A
  • Motor cortex
  • STN
  • Thalamus
  • Cortex
44
Q

Where is the dopamine signal coming from?

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

45
Q

The _____ is activated by external stimuli whereas the _____ is moreso activated by internal stimuli (sequence)

A

The premotor cortex is more activated by external stimuli whereas the SMA is more activated by the internal stimuli

46
Q

what is reponsible for reflex coordination?

A

local circuit neurons (interneurons in the spinal cord)

47
Q

the striatum (inhibits, excites) _____ the _______ via the indirect pathway and (inhibits, Excites)_______ the ________ via the direct pathway

A

the striatum inhibits the GPe in the indirect pathway and inhibits the GPi/SNR via the direct pathway

PSYC251 (18 decks)

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