Topic 4: Agency Contributions to Achieving Social Control Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are ASBOs and why were they criticised?
Anti social behaviour order was introduced in 1998 to limit and correct low level anti-social behaviour e.g. swearing, drinking, etc and to change that behaviour into being socially compliant. Critics suggested that persistent offenders viewed ASBOs as a badge of honour linking to Bandura’s social learning theory.
What replaced ASBOs and how do they differ?
CBOs replaced ASBOs and it is used for those who committed behaviour that has caused harassment, alarm and distress. This involves the individual being banned from taking part in certain activities or going to certain places and would require a change of behaviour. A breach could see an adult face up to 5 years in prison. This links to left realism as it recognises the causes of crime and attempts to fix them.
What is a token economy and how is it used in prison?
It is based on behaviour modification which means rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour. In prisons, the desired behaviour may be to follow all the rules, no fighting, seek a job, etc. This could lead to privileges such as TV and more visiting rights. However, failure to follow these lists of desired behaviours could lead to a reduction or removal of privileges. Skinner’s approach links to this.
What is a limitation of the token economy once the offender leaves prison?
The offender will not have a token economy implemented in their regular day to day life. Therefore, they will not want to behave positively in society because they are not getting rewarded if they do so.
What is the ‘Incentives and earned Privileges Scheme and how does it promote conformity?
It was introduced in 1995 and it promotes conformity through rational choice (linked to right realism), enabling people to earn benefits in exchange for responsible behaviour.
What are the three levels of behaviour under the Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme?
Basic level = prisoners who have not abided by the behaviour principles
Standard level = prisoners who have adequately abided by the behaviour principles
Enhanced level = prisoners who have exceeded standard level by abiding the behaviour principles and demonstrated the required types of behaviour to a consistently high standard.
What punishments can prisoners face for breaking prison rules?
- Caution
- Privileges taken away for up to 42 days
- Could lose up to 84 days worth of any money earned
- Locked in a cell from other prisoners for up to 35 days (cellular confinement)
How do institutions outside of prison, like schools, Law Society and General Medical Council (GMC), enforce discipline?
Schools: detention for incorrect uniform
Law society: removing them from the Roll of Solicitors which prevents them from practising
GMC: disqualified from the medical profession aka struck off
What are some examples of unreported crimes (dark figure of crime)?
- Domestic abuse because the victims may fear further abuse or risk of endangering their friends/family.
- White collar crimes because of the lack of proof or the time gap between the crime taking place and it being noticed.
How can budget cuts impact crime prevention efforts?
Budget cuts to the police service means there is a lack of police officers therefore not all crime will be dealt with and punished as the police do not have enough staff to do all cases.
What is CPTED?
It stands for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and was introduced by C. Ray Jeffery. It promotes the reduction of opportunity to commit crimes and fosters the positive use of space. It suggests that the form and arrangements of buildings and open spaces can encourage or discourage crime.
An example of CPTED
In a study of 400 convenience store robberies - one significant difference between robbed and non- robbed stores was distance from the nearest graffiti.
Why is open space and clear lighting important in CPTED?
It provides visibility and minimises hiding spaces. For example, the murder of Damilola Taylor who was murdered in a closed stairwell in a high rise building block.
How does CPTED link to the broken window theory?
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What positive effects are associated with resident-tended gardens and school artwork in CPTED?
Promotes a sense of ownership which could relate to the functionalist view of crime whereby positive boundary maintenance is achieved as it creates social solidarity.
what criticism is mentioned about CPTED principles regarding criminal activity in visible places?
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What is the purpose of a panopticon design in prison architecture?
It allows the prison guard to view all the prisoners in a tower at the centre without the prisoners being able to tell if they are being watched.
What is a supermax prison and what is the difference?
It provides protection to those who pose a threat to national and international security. It costs 2 or 3 times more to build and operate than a traditional maximum security prison. For example, Florence supermax holds the most notorious American terrorists and murderers in solitary confinement
How is HMP Berwyn designed differently from other prisons?
Accommodation is divided into smaller units for easier management of inmates
What is the purpose of gated lanes and how have they been implemented in Preston and Cardiff?
Gates that are installed at the entrance to rear alleyways in order to deter burglars or other criminals from using them to gain unlawful access from the rear of houses.
Preston - residents feeling that they can reclaim their streets
Cardiff - residents in favour have suggested that it has reduced crime and prevented rubbish from being dumped in the back lanes
A weakness for gated lanes
Approximately £4,000 to provide one gate at either end of an alley, it is too costly to justify
