Topic 4-bioenergetics

Question 1

what does photosynthesis use energy for

Answer 1

to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

Question 2

where does photosynthesis take place

Answer 2

chloroplasts

Question 3

what do chloroplasts have

Answer 3

chlorophyll to absorb sunlight

Question 4

how is energy transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment

Answer 4

by light

Question 5

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

Answer 5

endothermic

Question 6

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 6

carbon dioxide + water —

Question 7

what goes above the arrow in the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 7

light

Question 8

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

Answer 8

6CO2 + 6H2O —

Question 9

what are the five main ways plants use glucose

Answer 9

respiration

making cellulose

making amino acids

stored as fats or oils

stored as starch

Question 10

why is cellulose used in plants

Answer 10

strong cell walls

Question 11

why is glucose stored as fats or oils

Answer 11

storing in seeds

Question 12

why is glucose stored as starch

Answer 12

for when photosynthesis isn’t happening eg winter

Question 13

what three things can effect the rate of photosynthesis

Answer 13

light intensity
temperature
concentration of CO2

Question 14

what are light temperature and CO2 described to be as

Answer 14

limiting factors

Question 15

what does limiting factor mean

Answer 15

stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

Question 16

what can also be a limiting factor of photosynthesis

Answer 16

chlorophyll

Question 17

what can the amount of chlorophyll be affected by

Answer 17

diseases like tobacco mosaic

rose black spot

Question 18

what does it result in if chlorophyll is limited how does this make it a limiting factor

Answer 18

less chlorophyll less light taken in reducing photosynthesis

Question 19

what happens to the level of photosynthesis if you increase the level of light

Answer 19

the level of photosynthesis increases if you increase the amount of light

Question 20

why will the level of photosynthesis increase with light only to a certain point

Answer 20

because either temperature or light intensity needs to increase

Question 21

what does this make temperature or co2 levels

Answer 21

the limiting factor

Question 22

what happens to the level of photosynthesis as the level of co2 increases

Answer 22

they will increase together until a certain point - graph flattens out

Question 23

what does it show when plotting photosynthesis against co2 levels when the graph flattens out

Answer 23

co2 is no longer the limiting factor

Question 24

what are chemical reactions like photosynthesis controlled by

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

at what temperature are enzymes denatured

Answer 25

45 degrees

Question 26

what do we call the best temperature

Answer 26

the optimum

Question 27

what does the graph for temperature against rate of photosynthesis look like

Answer 27

an arch - rainbow - sad face

Question 28

what do plants benefit from in the soil

Answer 28

minerals

Question 29

what are the two minerals plants benefit from in the soil

Answer 29

nitrates | magnesium

Question 30

what is the benefit of nitrates

Answer 30

used in the production of amino acids and therefore proteins

Question 31

what is the benefit of magnesium to plants

Answer 31

magnesium is used to make chlorophyll - green pigment in chloroplasts

Question 32

how does the adaptation of plants having thin membranes in leaves help

Answer 32

short distance for co2 to diffuse across into leave

Question 33

what is the advantage of chlorophyll

Answer 33

absorbs light

Question 34

what is the advantage of stomata in the lower epidermis

Answer 34

allows co2 to diffuse into leaf

Question 35

what is the advantage of guard cells

Answer 35

open and close stomata depending on conditions

Question 36

what is the advantage of the network of tubes of xylem and phloem

Answer 36

transport water and food

Question 37

what is the advantage of long roots

Answer 37

absorb as much water as possible

Question 38

what is the advantage of many flat leaves

Answer 38

increases the surface area of chlorophyll so lots of light absorbed

Question 39

what is the advantage that spongy mesophyll layer has moist air pockets

Answer 39

enables carbon dioxide to diffuse quickly from stomata to palisade cells

Question 40

what is the advantage of tightly packed palisade cells close to the upper epidermis

Answer 40

big surface area with lots of chloroplasts to absorb as much light as possible

Question 41

what do greenhouses eliminate

Answer 41

they eliminate some of the limiting factors

Question 42

what do greenhouses allow to happen

Answer 42

they allow photosynthesis to happen at a higher rate than normal

Question 43

what do green houses reduce

Answer 43

the risk of plants being damaged by pests and diseases

Question 44

green houses can be expensive but what counteracts this

Answer 44

produce greater harvest that can be sold more often

Question 45

what is the equation using light intensity

Answer 45

light intensity is proportional to 1 over distance squared

Question 46

what is the inverse square law

Answer 46

light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance

Question 47

what is respiration

Answer 47

respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose which happens in every cell

Question 48

what are three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred in respiration

Answer 48

1-build up larger molecules from smaller ones 2-allow muscles to contract 3-body temperature stable

Question 49

what is metabolism

Answer 49

metabolism is the sum of all reactions that happen in a cell or the body

Question 50

what happens in reactions 2possiblities

Answer 50

some larger molecules are made from smaller ones larger reactions are broken into smaller ones

Question 51

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 51

respiration involving oxygen

Question 52

where does aerobic respiration take place in cells

Answer 52

mitochondria

Question 53

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 53

glucose + oxygèn -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 54

what can be noted about the equation for photosynthesis and that for aerobic respiration

Answer 54

they are the same but in the opposite direction

Question 55

what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 55

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

Question 56

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 56

respiration if there’s not enough oxygen

Question 57

what is there in anaerobic respiration

Answer 57

an oxygen debt

Question 58

what is anaerobic respiration the incomplete break down of and what does this make

Answer 58

it is the incomplete break down of glucose making lactic acid

Question 59

whats the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

Answer 59

glucose -> lactic acid

Question 60

what can plant cells and yeast respire without

Answer 60

oxygèn

Question 61

what is the equation for respiration without oxygen in plants and yeast

Answer 61

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 62

what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called

Answer 62

fermentation

Question 63

in bread making how does fermentation help

Answer 63

carbon dioxide makes bread rise

Question 64

how does fermentation help in beer and wine making

Answer 64

fermentation makes the alcohol

Question 65

when you exercise more of what is needed

Answer 65

oxygen and glucose to respiring cells

Question 66

what increases as you exercise

Answer 66

heart rate and breathing rate

Question 67

when you exercise a lot what cant the bloodstream get enough of to your muscles

Answer 67

oxygèn

Question 68

what does lactic acid cause

Answer 68

muscle fatigue and cramps

Question 69

what does anaerobic respiration cause when you exercise

Answer 69

an oxygèn debt

Question 70

what do we continue to do after exercise

Answer 70

breathe deeply and quickly

Question 71

why do we continue to breathe so much after exercise

Answer 71

to repay the oxygeb debt and remove co2 and break down lactic acid

Question 72

what happens when you breathe in

Answer 72

intercostal muscles contract rinçage expands diaphragm contracta pulling downwards increasing volume of the chest

Question 73

what happens when you breathe out

Answer 73

intercostal muscles relax rinçage moves in and down diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards decreasing chest volume