Topic 4- Core organic chemistry

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

hydrocarbon with single bonds only

Question 3

unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds

Question 4

homologous series

Answer 4

family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2- group

Question 5

functional group

Answer 5

part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

Question 6

aliphatic

Answer 6

carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 7

alicyclic

Answer 7

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures, with or without branches

Question 8

aromatic

Answer 8

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 9

alkanes

Answer 9

contain single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 10

alkenes

Answer 10

contain at least one double carbon-carbon bond

Question 11

alkynes

Answer 11

contain at least one triple carbon-carbon bond

Question 12

alkyl groups

Answer 12

side chains

Question 13

molecular formula

Answer 13

number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 14

general formula

Answer 14

simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

Question 15

displayed formula

Answer 15

shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 16

structural formula

Answer 16

uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

Question 17

skeletal formula

Answer 17

simplified organic formula only represented by lines

Question 18

structural isomers

Answer 18

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 19

homolytic fission

Answer 19

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

Question 20

heterolytic fission

Answer 20

the breaking of a covalent bond forming a positive and negative ion

Question 21

curly arrows

Answer 21

show the movement of electron pairs

Question 22

addition reaction

Answer 22

two reactants join to form one product

Question 23

substitution reaction

Answer 23

an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms

Question 24

elimination reaction

Answer 24

removal of a small molecule from a larger one

Question 25

sigma bond

Answer 25

the result of the overlap of two orbitals, one from each bonding atom

Question 26

effect of greater chain length

Answer 26

more surface points of contact
stronger London forces
requires more energy to break bonds

Question 27

effect of more branching

Answer 27

less surface points of contact
weaker London forces
requires less energy to break bonds

Question 28

stages of radical substitution

Answer 28

initiation, propagation, termination

Question 29

pi bond

Answer 29

sideways overlap of two p orbitals preventing them from rotating around the double bond

Question 30

stereoisomers

Answer 30

same structural formula but different arrangement in space

Question 31

E isomers

Answer 31

highest priority groups diagonally placed across the double bond

Question 32

Z isomers

Answer 32

highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond

Question 33

cis isomers

Answer 33

hydrogen atoms and methyl group on each carbon in the double bond on the same side

Question 34

trans isomers

Answer 34

hydrogen atoms and methyl groups diagonally opposite each other

Question 35

hydrogenation of alkenes

Answer 35

alkene mixed with hydrogen to make an alkane

Question 36

halogenation of alkenes

Answer 36

alkenes mixed with a halogen to make a haloalkane

Question 37

hydration of alkenes

Answer 37

alkene add water to make an alcohol

Question 37

electrophile

Answer 37

electron pair acceptor

Question 38

carbocation

Answer 38

an ion that contains a positively charged carbon

Question 39

primary alcohol

Answer 39

an alcohol in which the -OH is attached to a carbon atom with either two or 3 hydrogen atoms

Question 40

secondary alcohol

Answer 40

an alcohol in which the -OH is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two carbon chains and a hydrogen atom

Question 41

tertiary alcohol

Answer 41

an alcohol in which the -OH is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three carbon atoms and no hydrogen atoms

Question 42

preparing an aldehyde

Answer 42

distillation of a primary alcohol with an oxidising agent and acidified potassium dichromate to make an aldehyde and water

Question 43

preparing a carboxylic acid

Answer 43

primary alcohol heated under reflux with an oxidising agent and acidified potassium dichromate to form a carboxylic acid and water

Question 44

preparing a ketone

Answer 44

secondary alcohol heated under reflux with an oxidising agent and acidified potassium dichromate to make a ketone and water

Question 45

nucleophile

Answer 45

species that donates a lone pair of electrons

Question 46

organohalogen compounds

Answer 46

molecules that contain at least one halogen atom joined to a carbon chain.

Question 47

molecular ion

Answer 47

positive ion formed when a molecule loses an electron

Question 48

molecular ion peak

Answer 48

clear peak at the highest m/z value on the right hand side of the mass spectrum

Question 49

fragmentation

Answer 49

when molecular ions break down into smaller pieces

Question 50

what are the year 1 reaction mechanisms?

Answer 50

radical substitution
electrophilic addition
nucleophilic substitution