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Human Geography > Topic 4 - Key terms > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Key terms Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Population change

A

Change not only brought about by birth, death and migration but also changes relative to the rest of the world’s population.

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2
Q

Population growth

A

Change to a population overtime, this includes size and other demographic factors such as age and race.

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3
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births/1000

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4
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths/1000

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5
Q

Infant mortality

A

Number of children that die before age 5/1000

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6
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average age to live up to in a certain place

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7
Q

Population distribution

A

Pattern of where people live, measured as People/km2

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8
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime

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9
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The limit to which an environment can support a population at a high standard of living

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10
Q

Exponential growth

A

Increasingly rapid growth at a constant rate.

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11
Q

Population density

A

Intensity of human occupation in an area, measured as People/km2

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12
Q

Food security

A

The state of having reifiable access to a sufficient amount of affordable, nutritious food.

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13
Q

Malnutrition

A

Consuming an unsuitable amount of energy, protein and nutrients.

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14
Q

Undernutrition

A

Consuming too little food, resulting in loss of body mass.

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15
Q

overnutrition

A

Consuming excess food resulting in gain of body mass.

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16
Q

Depth of food deficit

A

Parameter provided by the world bank, measuring the difference between average food consumption and average food requirements.

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17
Q

Slash and burn

A

Burning of vegetation on a small area of land and using the burnt material as fertiliser, it is sustainable on a small scale but not on a commercial scale as vegetation does not have time to regrow.

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18
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Farming a small area of land, eg rainforest. Cultivating the land for 5 years or so and moving as the soils there lose fertility quick without vegetation. People only return when the area has been fully regenerated.

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19
Q

Zonal soils

A

those that have been forming for long periods of time under the influence of climate and vegetation.

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20
Q

soil erosion

A

removal of soil particles

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21
Q

Soil degradation

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A

Quality of soils decline to point where they can’t support plants/animals

22
Q

Water logging

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A

Excess water in soils depriving them of oxygen

23
Q

Soil managament

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A

The application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its performance

24
Q

Food availability

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A

Food must be available in sufficient quantities and on a consistent basis. Dependent on trade, climate and wealth

25
Food access
People need to be able to acquire sufficient amounts of food. Wealth, trade, and transport routes influence this
26
Food utilisation
Food consumed must have a positive nutritious impact on health. Influenced by fast food chains and globalisation
27
Green revolution
Transfer of farming methods such as agrochemicals, mechanisation and high yield crop varieties from developed to developing countries.
28
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering used to produce GMOs with desirable characteristics, involves cutting genes from one organism and transferring it to another, producing a modified organism.
29
Mortality
death
30
Perinatal conditions
deaths of babies within the first week of life
31
Infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of infants under age 1/year/live births/1000
32
Health
Mental, physical and social well-being
33
Morbidity
Rate of disease in a population
34
HALES
The average number of years that the average individual lives in full health (point till which they suffer a health illness, eg after age 60 you get dementia)
35
DALYS
Measures the gap between current health and ideal health. Essentially one DALY Is one less year of “healthy life.”
36
Extreme poverty
Having a household income of less than US$1/day
37
Blue zones
 (currently) 5 regions of the world where populations live long, healthy lives
38
Anthropocene
 Unit of geographical time describing the most recent period in Earth’s history where human activity started to have a significant impact on Earth’s climate and ecosystems
39
Replacement rate
Shows the extent to which a population is replacing itself – one measure could be the difference between birth and death rates or net reproduction rate
40
Replacement level
Shows the extent to which a population is replacing itself – one measure could be the difference between birth and death rates or net reproduction rate
41
Net reproduction rate
Average number of daughters produced by a woman in her reproductive lifetime
42
Cultural controls on natural population
Religious commitment, status of women within society, attitudes towards abortion and community norms on family sizes can affect demographics
43
Demographic dividend
Shows how sustainable a population is in terms of their ability to generate income and develop economically
44
Migration
Population movement: forced/voluntary, temporary/permanently
45
Carrying capacity
Refers to the availability of food and other resources in an environment
46
Ecological footprint
The impact of a person on the earth’s biosphere as a result of their consumption of resources and generation of waste. Can be measured from a village to global scale
47
Ozone depletion
 Thinning of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere resulting in a hole above Antarctica
48
Malthusianism
the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off
49
Neo-malthusianism
 the belief that population control through the use of contraception is essential for the survival of the earth's human population
50
Boserup's theory
population change drives the intensity of agricultural production
51
Epidemiological model
Process by which patterns of mortality and disease of a population transition from high infant mortality rates and infectious diseases (affecting all age groups) to HAIS, NCDs and chronic diseases

Human Geography (6 decks)

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