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Human Geography > Topic 4 - Key terms > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Population change

A

Change not only brought about by birth, death and migration but also changes relative to the rest of the world’s population.

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2
Q

Population growth

A

Change to a population overtime, this includes size and other demographic factors such as age and race.

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3
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births/1000

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4
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths/1000

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5
Q

Infant mortality

A

Number of children that die before age 5/1000

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6
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average age to live up to in a certain place

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7
Q

Population distribution

A

Pattern of where people live, measured as People/km2

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8
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime

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9
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The limit to which an environment can support a population at a high standard of living

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10
Q

Exponential growth

A

Increasingly rapid growth at a constant rate.

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11
Q

Population density

A

Intensity of human occupation in an area, measured as People/km2

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12
Q

Food security

A

The state of having reifiable access to a sufficient amount of affordable, nutritious food.

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13
Q

Malnutrition

A

Consuming an unsuitable amount of energy, protein and nutrients.

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14
Q

Undernutrition

A

Consuming too little food, resulting in loss of body mass.

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15
Q

overnutrition

A

Consuming excess food resulting in gain of body mass.

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16
Q

Depth of food deficit

A

Parameter provided by the world bank, measuring the difference between average food consumption and average food requirements.

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17
Q

Slash and burn

A

Burning of vegetation on a small area of land and using the burnt material as fertiliser, it is sustainable on a small scale but not on a commercial scale as vegetation does not have time to regrow.

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18
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Farming a small area of land, eg rainforest. Cultivating the land for 5 years or so and moving as the soils there lose fertility quick without vegetation. People only return when the area has been fully regenerated.

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19
Q

Zonal soils

A

those that have been forming for long periods of time under the influence of climate and vegetation.

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20
Q

soil erosion

A

removal of soil particles

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21
Q

Soil degradation

A

Quality of soils decline to point where they can’t support plants/animals

22
Q

Water logging

A

Excess water in soils depriving them of oxygen

23
Q

Soil managament

A

The application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its performance

24
Q

Food availability

A

Food must be available in sufficient quantities and on a consistent basis. Dependent on trade, climate and wealth

25
Q

Food access

A

People need to be able to acquire sufficient amounts of food. Wealth, trade, and transport routes influence this

26
Q

Food utilisation

A

Food consumed must have a positive nutritious impact on health. Influenced by fast food chains and globalisation

27
Q

Green revolution

A

Transfer of farming methods such as agrochemicals, mechanisation and high yield crop varieties from developed to developing countries.

28
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Genetic engineering used to produce GMOs with desirable characteristics, involves cutting genes from one organism and transferring it to another, producing a modified organism.

29
Q

Mortality

A

death

30
Q

Perinatal conditions

A

deaths of babies within the first week of life

31
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Number of deaths of infants under age 1/year/live births/1000

32
Q

Health

A

Mental, physical and social well-being

33
Q

Morbidity

A

Rate of disease in a population

34
Q

HALES

A

The average number of years that the average individual lives in full health (point till which they suffer a health illness, eg after age 60 you get dementia)

35
Q

DALYS

A

Measures the gap between current health and ideal health. Essentially one DALY Is one less year of “healthy life.”

36
Q

Extreme poverty

A

Having a household income of less than US$1/day

37
Q

Blue zones

A

(currently) 5 regions of the world where populations live long, healthy lives

38
Q

Anthropocene

A

Unit of geographical time describing the most recent period in Earth’s history where human activity started to have a significant impact on Earth’s climate and ecosystems

39
Q

Replacement rate

A

Shows the extent to which a population is replacing itself – one measure could be the difference between birth and death rates or net reproduction rate

40
Q

Replacement level

A

Shows the extent to which a population is replacing itself – one measure could be the difference between birth and death rates or net reproduction rate

41
Q

Net reproduction rate

A

Average number of daughters produced by a woman in her reproductive lifetime

42
Q

Cultural controls on natural population

A

Religious commitment, status of women within society, attitudes towards abortion and community norms on family sizes can affect demographics

43
Q

Demographic dividend

A

Shows how sustainable a population is in terms of their ability to generate income and develop economically

44
Q

Migration

A

Population movement: forced/voluntary, temporary/permanently

45
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Refers to the availability of food and other resources in an environment

46
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The impact of a person on the earth’s biosphere as a result of their consumption of resources and generation of waste. Can be measured from a village to global scale

47
Q

Ozone depletion

A

Thinning of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere resulting in a hole above Antarctica

48
Q

Malthusianism

A

the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off

49
Q

Neo-malthusianism

A

the belief that population control through the use of contraception is essential for the survival of the earth’s human population

50
Q

Boserup’s theory

A

population change drives the intensity of agricultural production

51
Q

Epidemiological model

A

Process by which patterns of mortality and disease of a population transition from high infant
mortality rates and infectious diseases (affecting all age groups) to HAIS, NCDs and chronic diseases

Human Geography (6 decks)

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