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AqTech > Topic 4 (minus 4A & 4C) > Flashcards

Topic 4 (minus 4A & 4C) Flashcards

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1
Q

Finfish reproduction cycle

A
  1. Spawning (eggs + sperm)
  2. Embryo/fish larvae (1-15mm)
    - Absorb nutrients from attached yolk sac
  3. Metamorphosis (biological change in morphology) –> after approx 10 days
  4. Fish fry –> complete depletion of yolk sac; able to feed on their own
  5. Juvenile (fingerling)
  6. Adult –> reached maturity; able to spawn
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2
Q

Life cycle of bivalve/gastropod

A
  1. Spawning (sperm + eggs)
  2. Trochophore (aka planktonic stage)
    - Free swimming larvae
    - Bands of cilia
  3. Veliger
    - Organs develop
    - Takes the morphology of a juvenile bivalve
    - suspends in water column
  4. Metamorphosis (biological change in morphology –> settle down into substrate)
  5. Spat/juvenile
    - settled into substrate & growing
  6. Adult
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3
Q

Life cycle of shrimp

A
  1. Fertilised eggs
  2. Nauplius
  3. Protozoa
  4. Metamorphosis
  5. Mysis
  6. Megalopa
  7. Juvenile
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4
Q

Life cycle of crab

A
  1. Adult spawning
  2. Zoea (4-5 moults)
  3. Megalopa
  4. Crablet/juvenile
  5. Adult
    Note: the warmer the water, the faster the crab moves through the stages
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5
Q

Lay egg/Live young:

Oviparity

A

Egg-laying

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6
Q

Lay egg/Live young:

Viviparity

A

Live young

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7
Q

Lay egg/Live young: Ovoviviparity

A

Live young

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8
Q

Internal/External fertilisation:

Oviparity

A

Internal fertilisation: male fertilise eggs inside female

External fertilisation: female spawn eggs + male fertilise eggs in water column

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9
Q

Internal/External fertilisation: Ovoviviparity

A

Internal fertilisation

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10
Q

Internal/External fertilisation: Viviparity

A

Internal fertilisation

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11
Q

Embryo development: Oviparity

A

Outside female’s body

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12
Q

Embryo development: Viviparity

A

Inside female’s body

- Nutrients via umbilical cord & placenta

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13
Q

Embryo development: Ovoviviparity

A

Inside female’s body

- Nutrient via yolk sac

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14
Q

Parental care: Oviparity

A

None

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15
Q

Parental care: Viviparity

A

Yes

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16
Q

Parental care: Ovoviviparity

A

Yes

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17
Q

Energy cost: Oviparity

A

Less

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18
Q

Energy cost: Viviparity

A

More (gestation)

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19
Q

Energy cost: Ovoviviparity

20
Q

Intrauterine cannibalism

Study These Flashcards
A
  • First hatched individuals eat siblings in embryonic phase within the mother’s uterus
  • First hatched pub = strongest genetics
  • ↑ nutrition intake, growth rate, survival rate
  • reduce comp
21
Q

Iteroparity

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Continuous reproduction throughout lifetime

- Varies in successful spawning

22
Q

Semelparity

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Single spawn before death
23
Q

Hormones in male fish

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Testosterone
  2. 11-kototestosterone
  3. Progestin
  4. Oestrogen
24
Q

Roles of hormones in male fish

Study These Flashcards
A

Testosterone: involved in early stages of spermiogenesis
11-ketotestosterone: exhibit secondary sexual characteristics morphological change
Progestin & oestrogen: ↑ during spawning, gonadal maturation

25
Hormones in female fish
1. 17β- Estradiol 2. Testosterone 3. Ketotestosterone 4. Progestrogen 5. Corticosteroid 6. Prostaglandin
26
Roles of hormones in female fish
17β- Estradiol: stimulate rapid ovarian growth Progestrogen & corticosteroid: influence reproductive behaviour Androgens: maybe stimulate/inhibit gonadotropins secretion
27
Shrimp/crab reproductive behaviour
X Organ Sinus Gland (XOSG): in eyestalks; neuroendocrine gland
28
Define fecundity
The no. of eggs ripened by aquatic species during a spawning season/event - Fecundity inversely proportional to amount of parental care
29
List the methods of determining reproductive bio/sexual maturity
1. Gross anatomical criteria (visually examine gonads) | 2. Gonadal somatic index (compare gonad size to fish size)
30
List the type of reproduction with relation to fecundity
Oviparous (least fecund) Ovoviviparous Viviparous (most fecund)
31
Gonadal somatic index (GSI)
[Gonad mass/body mass (including gonad)] x 100 | - NO UNIT
32
What affects fecundity (besides reproduction type)
- size of fish | - nutritional status of female
33
List the types of fecundity
1. Absolute fecundity 2. Relative fecundity 3. Population fecundity
34
Absolute fecundity
No. of ripe eggs in one spawning season/year | - Varies due to age, length, weight, species
35
Relative fecundity
No. of eggs produced in a season per somatic weight of fish (eggs/gram)
36
Population fecundity
No. of eggs pawned by population in one season - Sum of fecundities of all females - (Expected fecundity of an average female} x (no. of breeding females in the pop.)
37
Size of eggs
- Negative correlation b/w egg size & env. conditions | - Low fecundity = larger eggs (larger yolks)
38
List the exogenous factors affecting reproduction
1. Temperature 2. Photoperiod 3. Tides 4. Water depth 5. Substrate type 6. Salinity
39
Temperature (exogenous factor)
- Most crucial - Controls maturation & spawning - Within narrow temperature range - Limiting factor during some gametogenesis stages - Determines sex of fish
40
Photoperiod (exogenous factor)
- Influences thyroid gland, migratory activity & gonadal development - Highly associated with endogenous rhythm
41
Water depth (exogenous factor)
- Spawn at one depth, live in diff depths during other times
42
Substrate type (exogenous factor)
Related to type of breeding strategies (spawning on diff substrates)
43
Salinity (exogenous factor)
Various degrees of mixing, precipitation, freshwater runoff may alter spawning habits, change spawning sites due to salinity change
44
Tides (exogenous factor)
- May spawn on daily/monthly tidal cycle or on a diel cycle | - usually after spring tides
45
List the organ/gland that produces hormones/enzymes that affects reproduction (fish, crustacean, mollusc)
Fish 1. Pituitary gland 2. Liver 3. Pineal gland 4. Bones Crustacean 1. Optic gland Mollusc 1. Cerebral ganglia
46
Climate change & aquaculture
- Climate change = affect salinity & temp - ↑/↓ in temp influence general metabolism, production; seasonality relative fecundity, no. of spawning - Fish observed to spawn earlier/later - Change in reproduction timing = affect overall ecology - Mismatch b/w seasonality of larvae & zooplankton (food availability) - High temp amplify impact of hormone-disrupting chemicals (from pollution) --> e.g. long term effects of clotrimazol (chemical), believed to disrupt hormones & interfere w sex ratio = ↓ mate search success & ↑ inbreeding potential

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