Topic 4D Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Lay egg/Live young:
Oviparity
A
Egg-laying
2
Q
Lay egg/Live young:
Viviparity
A
Live young
3
Q
Lay egg/Live young: Ovoviviparity
A
Live young
4
Q
Internal/External fertilisation:
Oviparity
A
Internal fertilisation: male fertilise eggs inside female
External fertilisation: female spawn eggs + male fertilise eggs in water column
5
Q
Internal/External fertilisation: Ovoviviparity
A
Internal fertilisation
6
Q
nternal/External fertilisation: Viviparity
A
Internal fertilisation
7
Q
Embryo development: Oviparity
A
Outside female’s body
8
Q
Embryo development: Viviparity
A
Inside female’s body
- Nutrients via umbilical cord & placenta
9
Q
Embryo development: Ovoviviparity
A
Inside female’s body
- Nutrient via yolk sac
10
Q
Parental care: Oviparity
A
dont have
11
Q
Parental care: Viviparity
A
yes
12
Q
Parental care: Ovoviviparity
A
Yes
13
Q
Energy cost: Oviparity
A
Less
14
Q
Energy cost: Viviparity
A
More (gestation)
15
Q
Energy cost: Ovoviviparity
A
More
16
Q
Intrauterine cannibalism
A
- First hatched individuals eat siblings in embryonic phase within the mother’s uterus
- First hatched pub = strongest genetics
- ↑ nutrition intake, growth rate, survival rate
- reduce comp
17
Q
Iteroparity
A
- Continuous reproduction throughout lifetime
- Varies in successful spawning
18
Q
Semelparity
A
- Single spawn before death
19
Q
Type of parental care
A
- Construction/maintaining the nest
- Burying eggs once deposited
- Chasing away potential predators
- Fanning eggs (to clean & provide oxygen)
- Removing dead eggs
- Carrying eggs
- Coiling around eggs to prevent desiccation (prevent moisture removal)
- Retrieving nomads
- Accompanying fry to forage
- Provide first foods (mucus)
- Teach feeding techniques
20
Q
Types of breeders
A
- Non-guarders
- Guarders
- Bearers
21
Q
Types of non-guarders
A
- Pelagic spawners
- Coarse-bottom spawners (pelagic)
- Coarse-bottom spawners (benthic)
- Non-obligatory plant spawners
- Obligatory plant spawners
- Sand Spawners
- Brood hiders
- Benthic spawners
- Cave spawners
- Spawners on/in veterbrates
- Beach spawners
- Annual fish
22
Q
Types of guarders
A
- Rock spawners
- Plant spawners
- Terrestial spawners
- Pelagic spawners
- Rock & gravel nesters
- Sand nesters
- Bubble nesters
- Hole nesters
- Miscellaneous material nesters
- Anemone nesters
23
Q
Parental care of
- Non-guarders
- Guarders
- Bearers
A
- 0 parental care
- Parental care given
- Retain eggs in body & birth them live
24
Q
Pelagic spawners
non-guarders
A
Non-adhesive, Scatter in water
25
Coarse-bottom spawners
| non-guarders
Pelagic --> deposit on rock/gravel, become buoyant & carried away
benthic --> deposit on rock/gravel, embryo & larvae develops here
26
Non-obligatory plant spawners
| non-guarders
Submerged plants/other items
27
Obligatory plant spawners
| non-guarders
Deposited with adhesive mbn, sticks to submerged, live/dead, aquatic/recently flooded terrestial plants, logs, branches, NEVER on the bottom
28
Sand spawners
| non-guarders
Sand surface
29
Brood hiders
| non-guarders
Build nest with some protection
30
Benthic spawners
| non-guarders
In natural or constructed places
31
Cave spawners
| non-guarders
Adhesive eggs, crevices/pores --> eggs can roll & be hidden --> not eaten by parents/cave inhabitants
32
Spawners on/in invertebrates
| non-guarders
Oviduct to deposit eggs & hide them in gill chambers of bivalves/crabs --> Male chooses the hosts
33
Beach spawners
| non-guarders
Deposited into sand during low tide, eggs incubated in damp sad, returning high tide wash back to sea
34
Annual fish
| non-guarders
Deposit eggs in bottom soil, sand, mud & survive several months of dry season. Upon hydration, embryos hatch and grow rapidly
35
Rock spawners
| guarders
Attached on rock surfaces; male guards & fan eggs
36
Plant spawners
| guarders
Attached to submerged plants; male guards & fan eggs
37
Terrestrial spawners
| guarders
Attached during spawning, male & female leap out & cling upside down to chosen substrate. Embryos hatch & drop into water
38
Pelagic spawners
| guarders
Clusters of non-adhesive & buoyant eggs; deposited on surface of water in openings b/w vegetation in the shallows
39
Rock & gravel nesters
| guarders
Single layer/multilayer clutches; cleaned areas of rocks/pits dug in gravel
40
Sand nesters
| guarders
Above or on soft muddy bottom; male guards eggs
41
Bubble nesters
| guarders
Build froth (mucus-covered bubbles) nest; male guards eggs
42
Hole nesters
| guarders
Deposited on clean area of undersurface of flat stones; male guards eggs
43
Miscellaneous material nesters
| guarders
Not particular about nest building materials & substrates
44
Anemone nesters
| guarders
Nest under active protection of tentacles of sea anemones; Both parent guard & fan eggs
45
Types of bearers
1. Transfer brooders
2. Forehead brooders
3. Mouth brooders
4. Gill chamber brooders
5. Skin brooders
6. Pouch brooders
46
Transfer brooders (bearer)
Adhesive eggs released into a 'basket' formed by cupped ventral fins
47
Forehead brooders (bearer)
Cluster of eggs attached by thread looped through hook; carry on forehead
48
Mouth brooders (bearer)
Eggs incubated in buccal cavity
49
Gill chamber brooders (bearer)
May be derived from mouth brooders; eggs incubated in their gill chambers
50
Skin brooders (bearer)
Eggs attached to ventral surface
51
Pouch brooders (bearer)
Eggs enveloped by special transformed structure/modified skin
