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Biology GCSE > Topic 4 - Natural Selection and Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

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2
Q

natural selection

A

by chance the variations of some individuals make them better at coping with the change than others (survival of the fittest)

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3
Q

what’s a piece of evidence that shows human evolution

A
  • fossils
  • stone tools
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4
Q

how can you tell how old a stone tool is

A

the older stone tools would be more simple (more worn down) and the more recent stones would be more sophisticated

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5
Q

genetic variation

A

the characteristics of individuals vary due to differences in genes

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6
Q

environmental change

A

conditions in an area change
e.g. lack of food causes more competition between organisms

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7
Q

inheritance

A

the survivors breed and pass on their variations to their offspring

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8
Q

common ancestor

A

when one species is the ancestor of two or more species

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9
Q

three reasons why the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was slow to be accepted

A
  • lack of supporting evidence
  • limited scientific understanding of genetics and inheritance
  • conflicting religious beliefs (challenge in correction stories from bible)
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10
Q

what two scientists helped with developing the theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

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11
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them

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12
Q

what causes antibiotic resistance

A

when you take antibiotics the least resistant bacteria is killed however some bacteria (the more resistant) survives and start to spread making more bacteria resistant

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13
Q

how did the rats become resistant to warfarin

A
  • due to genetic variation caused by mutations, there were some rats in the population that survived the poison - the majority of the rats would’ve died
  • these resistant individuals were able to survive
  • they then bred with other survivors and had offspring with similar features
  • this process occurred over many generations until the only individuals and the population were the warfarin resistant individuals
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14
Q

why did the warfarin not cause the rats to become resistant

A
  • because the warfarin provided the environment for natural selection to occur within
  • only the rats with beneficial random mutations are able to survive when they eat the poison
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15
Q

pentadactyl limb

A

vertebrates have limbs with 5 fingers

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16
Q

pentadactyl limb theory

A

the limb similarity suggest evolution from a common ancestor

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17
Q

classification system

A

dividing organisms into groups based on what they look like

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18
Q

name the kingdoms of classification

A

animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes

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19
Q

what happens in selective breeding

A
  • you select individuals with desirable characteristics
  • these individuals are bred together
  • they produce offspring with the desirable characteristic
20
Q

genetic engineering

A

when you change the DNA of an organism (its genome) by inserting genes from another; this creates genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

21
Q

process of genetic modification in bacteria

A
  • cut out desirable gene using restriction endonuclease enzyme
  • cut out a bit of the plasmid with the same restriction endonuclease enzyme
  • this cutting leave strands of DNA with jaggered ends called sticky ends
  • the desirable gene is joined in with the plasmid using an enzyme called ligase; this is recombined DNA
22
Q

stem cells

A

special cells produced by bone marrow

23
Q

tissue culture

A

is a technique in which tissues of plants or animals are cultured and grown in a laboratory

24
Q

tissue culture

A

is a technique in which tissues of plants or animals are cultured and grown in a laboratory

25
Q

why must everything be sterilised during tissue culture

A

to prevent the growth of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria)

26
Q

what does it mean if something is sterilized

A

to make something completely clean and free from bacteria

27
Q

callus

A

a clump of undifferentiated plant cells

28
Q

name things that plants and animals are often selectively bred for:

A
  • disease resistance (how are they cope with diseases)
  • yield (how much useful product they make)
  • coping with certain environmental conditions
  • fast growth
  • flavour
29
Q

cell culture

A

a collection of techniques and resources in which cells that were part of an organism are growth in an artificial controlled environment

30
Q

ways that cell culturing be useful:

A
  • has many uses in medicine - culturing a thin layer of cells on a solid medium makes it easier to study house sales communicate with each other
  • needed to study viruses
  • cultures of cancer cells have been developed to study how cancer develops and spreads
  • investigate how infected cells respond to new medicines without risking harm to animals or humans
31
Q

why are organisms selectively bred or genetically engineered

A
  • grow faster
  • cope with environmental conditions
  • increase yields
  • make new products
32
Q

biological vector

A

a DNA molecule that is used to carry a particular DNA segment to another cell

33
Q

pesticide

A

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to plants or animals

34
Q

insecticide

A

a type of pesticide used to kill insects

35
Q

fungicide

A

a type of pesticide that kills or prevents the growth of fungi and their spores

36
Q

fertilizer

A

natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants

37
Q

weed

A

a plane that’s considered undesirable in a particular situation

38
Q

biological control

A

the use by humans beneficial insects, such as predators and parasitoids or pathogens such as fungi and viruses to control unwanted insects, weeds or diseases

39
Q

artificial fertiliser

A

man-made fertiliser

40
Q

herbicide

A

a substance that is toxic to plants, used to destroy unwanted weeds

41
Q

organic farming

A

no use of artificial fertilisers, no pesticide and no medicine (all natural)

42
Q

advantages of using genetic modification

A
  • simpler to grow
  • use fewer chemicals
43
Q

disadvantages of using genetic modification

A
  • harm to human or animal health
  • cross-contamination
44
Q

advantages of selective breeding

A
  • expand inherited potential
  • particular characteristic to help increase crop yield
45
Q

disadvantages of selective breeding

A
  • lack of genetic diversity in alleles a crop - future crop scientists have less alleles to develop varieties in the future
46
Q

process of genetic engineering

A
  • cut out a desirable gene with a desirable characteristic from one organism
  • transfer the gene to a different organism
  • the other organism now has the desirable characteristic
  • this produces a genetically modified organism (GMO)
47
Q

genetic engineering

A

modifying an organisms genome

Biology GCSE (5 decks)

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