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Biology GCSE > Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

function of kidneys

A

remove waste products from the blood and produce urine

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2
Q

metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions in your body

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3
Q

what is urea made from

A

poison produced by breaking down amino acids

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4
Q

function of lungs

A

to get rid of CO2 produced in aerobic respiration
-> oxygenate the blood

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5
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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6
Q

what do the surfaces of organisms have to be to make sure a lot of particles diffuse quickly

A
  • thin - so that particles do not need to diffuse very far
  • large surface area - more room for particles to diffuse
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7
Q

surface area: volume area equation

A

surface area / volume

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8
Q

when is diffusion quickest (sa:volume)

A

when the sa:v is larger, the quicker the rate of diffusion

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9
Q

is there a limit to the size of cells to do with the rate of diffusion

A

if the ratio of sa:v is too small, a cell cannot get raw materials fast enough (less surface area available for substances to enter or exit the cell relative to the volume that needs to be serviced)

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10
Q

alveoli function

A

increase the surface area so increase the speed and amount of gas exchange

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11
Q

alveolus structure

A
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12
Q

why is the alveolus wall one cell thick

A

adapted to increase diffusion because it’s a short diffusion distance

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13
Q

how does blood enter and leave the alveoli

A
  • blood enters from the rest of the body with a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen
  • there is then a net movement of carbon dioxide into the alveoli from the capillary and net movement of oxygen out of the alveoli into the capillary
  • blood goes out of the body with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide and a higher concentration of oxygen
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14
Q

what concentrations of oxygen and CO2 do the aveolous contain

A

higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than the blood

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15
Q

concentration

A

the amount of a substance in a certain volume

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16
Q

concentration equation

A

concentration = mass of solute
volume of solution

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17
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference between two concentrations

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18
Q

what happens to the concentration gradient if the concentration difference is bigger

A

Bigger the concentration difference, steeper the concentration, faster the rate of diffusion -> rate of diffusion is directly proportional to concentration difference

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19
Q

linear relationship

A

directly proportional relationship -> as one variable increases by a certain percentage, the other increases by the same percentage

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20
Q

what happens to diffusion if surface area is increased?

A

If the surface area of a membrane is increased, there is more space through which processes can pass which means that more particles cross from one place to another in a certain time and so overall the rate of diffusion increases
-> the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area

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21
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion if the thickness of a membrane is increased?

A

Increasing the thickness of a membrane decreases the rate of diffusion -> the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

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22
Q

inversely proportional relationship

A

As one variable doubles the other halves

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23
Q

ficks law

A

rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to surface area x conc. diff.
thickness of membrane

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24
Q

arteries

A

take blood away from the heart

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25
viens
carry blood towards the heart
26
arteries structure
- narrow tube/lumen - thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres
27
why do arteries have thick wall
to withhold the pressure of the blood as the blood has high pressure because it needs to take the blood to all the extremities of the body
28
how do we feel a pulse
when artery walls get stretched due to high pressure, this wave of stretching passes along the artery walls and you feel this as a pulse
29
what makes blood in the arteries flow more smoothly
the stretching and contracting of arteries
30
vein structure
- wide tube/lumen - thin flexible wall
31
valves function
to prevent blood flowing the wrong way (prevent backflow)
32
where are valves found
in the veins
33
what are the 2 types of white blood cells
phagocytes and lympthocytes
34
haemoglobin
substance binds with oxygen in the lungs and it releases it again in the tissues -> makes blood red
35
plasma
straw-coloured liquid that carries dissolved substances such as glucose, carbon dioxide and urea
36
what is blood made off
plasma, white blood cells, platelets, erythrocytes
37
what makes the blood red
haemoglobin -> when lots of oxygen is bound to the haemoglobin molecules the cells are bright red -> when there is less oxygen attached to the molecules, the cells are dark red
38
erythrocytes structure adaptations
- no nucleus so there is more space for haemoglobin - shaped like discs -> this biconcave shape allows a large surface area: volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out
39
lymphocyte action of removing foreign cells that get inside of you
produce proteins called antibodies that stick to foreign cells and help to destroy them
40
phagocytes action of removing foreign cells that get inside of you
surround foreign cells and digest them
41
what are platelets
tiny fragments of cells that have no nucleus
42
platelets function
produce substances needed to clot the blood at the site of an injury (create a scab)
43
when does a heart attack occur
when blood stops flowing to muscles in part of the heart, damaging them and stopping the heat pumping properly
44
where is the blood from that enters the right atrium through the vena cava
most of the body
45
where is the blood from when it enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vien
from the lungs
46
how does blood get moved through the heart
muscles contract
47
what happens to the muscles in the atria when muscles contract in the ventricle walls to push blood out of the heart
the muscles in the atria walls relax and these chambers refill with blood
48
how do you hear the beating of your heart
the heart valves shutting
49
aorta function
carries blood to the rest of the body
50
vena cava
superior: brings blood from the upper body inferior: brings blood from lower body
51
pulmonary artery
carries blood away from heart to lungs
52
pulmonary veins
carry blood from lungs to the heart
53
septum
separates the two sides of the heart
54
where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart
through the right atrium via the vena cava veins
55
where does oxygenated blood enter the heart
left atrium through the pulmonary veins
56
pathway of blood into heart
- blood from the body enters via the vena cava - flows to the right atrium down to the right ventricle - blood flows to pulmonary artery to carry the blood to to the lungs - blood gets oxygenated in the lungs - blood travels back to the heart from the lungs and enters via the pulmonary vein - blood flows down to the left atrium and then the left ventricle - blood then flows to the aorta which carries the blood to the extremities of the body
57
what controls the contraction relaxation of muscles during each heartbeat?
by impulses from the nervous system
58
heart rate
number of times the heart beats in a min
59
stroke volume (litres)
the volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat
60
cardiac output
volume of blood into the aorta each minute
61
cardiac output equation
cardiac output (litres/min) = stroke volume (litres/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
62
what does it mean if fitter people have a higher stroke volume
their hearts can beat more slowly to achieve the same cardiac output as a less fit person because regular exercise increases the strength of heart muscle and ventricle size
63
what does your body require energy for
- moving - keeping warm - producing and breaking down substances
64
cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose
65
is respiration endo- or exothermic
exothermic because energy is transferred out the cells by heating which helps keep many animals warm
66
aerobic respiration
respiration using oxygen
67
where does aerobic respiration occur
mitochondria
68
circulatory system function
- make sure that cells have a good supply of oxygen (taken in by the lungs) and glucose (taken in by the small intestine) - ensure waste is carried away from cells
69
when is anaerobic respiration used
during very strenuous exercise e.g. 100m sprint
70
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose -> lactic acid (+energy)
71
why is breathing and heart rate high after exercise
because extra oxygen is needed to replace the oxygen lost from blood and muscles -> extra oxygen is also needed to release the energy required to get rid of lactic acid
72
respiration rates method (CORE PRACTICAL)
- Collect a tube with some soda lime, held in place with cotton wool. The soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide. Soda lime is corrosive. The cotton wool is there to protect you and the organisms. - Carefully collect some of the small organisms in a weighing boat. - Gently shake the organisms out of the container and into the tube. - Insert the bung and capillary tube - Set up a control tube. - Place both tubes into a rack in a water bath at a set temperature. It is best to tilt the rack slightly so that the capillary tubes hang over the side of the water bath at an angle. - Wait for five minutes to let the organisms adjust to the temperature of the water bath. - Hold a beaker of coloured liquid to the ends of the capillary tubes, so that liquid enters. - Mark the position of the coloured liquid in the tube and time for five minutes. - Mark the position of the coloured liquid again, and measure the distance it has travelled. - Repeat the experiment at different temperatures.
73
explain the advantages of red blood cells passing one at a time through the capillary for gas exchange
- reduce distance of diffusion - Increase surface area for diffusion -> Increase diffusion - maximise volume of oxygen taken in by red blood cells

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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