topic 4B

Question 1

define taxonomy

Answer 1

The scientific way of describing as as classifying and naming organisms.

Question 2

biodiversity

Answer 2

a measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences

Question 3

evolution

Answer 3

the process by which natural selection acts on variation to bring about adaptations and eventually speciation

Question 4

morphology

Answer 4

the study of the form and structure of organisms

Question 5

analogous features

Answer 5

features that look similar or have a similar function, but are not from the same
biological origin

Question 6

homologous structures

Answer 6

structures that genuinely show common ancestry

Question 7

domains

Answer 7

the three largest classification categories: the Eukaryota, the Bacteria and the Archaea

Question 8

kingdom

Answer 8

the classification category smaller than domains; there are six kingdoms: Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Question 9

species

Answer 9

a group of closely related organisms that are all potentially capable of interbreeding to produce
fertile offspring

Question 10

Archaea

Answer 10

domain made up of bacteria-like prokaryotic organisms found in many places including extreme
conditions and the soil; they are thought to be early relatives of the eukaryotes

Question 11

Archaebacteria

Answer 11

ancient type of bacteria found in many different environments

Question 12

Eubacteria

Answer 12

true bacteria

Question 13

Protista

Answer 13

contains all single-celled organisms, green and
brown algae and slime moulds

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophs with chitin in their cell walls

Question 15

Plantae

Answer 15

a mainly autotrophic eukaryotic kingdom containing mosses, liverworts, ferns, gymnosperms and
angiosperms (the flowering plants)

Question 16

Animalia

Answer 16

a mainly heterotrophic eukaryotic kingdom including all the invertebrates and vertebrates

Question 17

morphological species model

Answer 17

a species definition based solely on
the appearance of the organisms observed

Question 18

sexual dimorphism

Answer 18

describes species where there is a great deal of
difference between the appearance of the male and female

Question 19

molecular phylogeny

Answer 19

the analysis of the genetic material of
organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships

Question 20

ecological species model

Answer 20

a species definition based on the
ecological niche occupied by an organism

Question 21

mate-recognition species model

Answer 21

a species definition based on
unique fertilisation systems, including mating behaviour

Question 22

genetic species model

Answer 22

a species model based on DNA evidence

Question 23

DNA sequencing

Answer 23

he process by which the base sequences of all or
part of the genome of an organism is worked out

Question 24

DNA profiling

Answer 24

he process by which the non-coding areas of DNA
are analysed to identify patterns

Question 25

gel electrophoresis

Answer 25

a method of separating fragments of proteins or nucleic acids based on their electrical charge and size\ also a example of molecular phylogeny.

Question 26

phylogenetic tree

Answer 26

model used to show the relationships between different groups of organisms

Question 27

endosymbionts

Answer 27

organisms that live inside the cells or the body of another organism

Question 28

Monera

Answer 28

a kingdom in the five-kingdom classification system that contains the Archaea and Eubacteria

Question 29

genus

Answer 29

organisms are very similar and most likely have a common ancestor

Question 30

models for defining species

Answer 30

1. The morphologiacl concept species 2. Biological species concept 3. ecological species model 4. mate-recognition species model 5. genetic species model

Question 31

limitations on why it cans be concept 1 and example

Answer 31

due to huge variations within a group of closely related organisms, the difference can be confused as a diff species example sexual dimorphism, diff between male and female peacocks

Question 32

limitations concept 2 and example

Answer 32

1. not all organisms ins a species live in the same area and therefore, will not interbreed. examples lions and tiger breed, most offsprings they make can beed as well.

Question 33

limitation on why concept 3 cannot be correct and example.

Answer 33

definition of ecological niche varies. occupy different ecological niches. sharing ecological roles

Question 34

limitations on why it cans be concept 4 and example

Answer 34

poorly understood mating behaviours, overlapping of mating systems. crossbreed and cross- pollination to produce a offspring.

Question 35

limitations on why it cans be concept 5 and example

Answer 35

hybrid organisms can complicate analysis due to overlapping. expensive to much man power and hour.

Question 36

molecular phylogeny

Answer 36

developments in RNA/DNA analysis and protein analysis have led to the identification of the relationships between between organisms.

Question 37

why is molecular phylogeny used

Answer 37

1. larify the relationship/ classification of organisms based on the models defining species 2. identifying species 3. trace development pathway

Question 38

limitation for molecular analysis.

Answer 38

1. dependent of technology and can be labour intensive. 2. understanding of entire genomes is still incomplete,

Question 39

defining endosymbiosis

Answer 39

is where a cell lives inside another cell resulting in a mutual benefit.

Question 40

the endosymbiosis theory

Answer 40

explains how mitochondria and chlorophyll are engulfed into the cell.