topic 4C

Question 1

biodiversity

Answer 1

a measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences.

Question 2

genetic diversity

Answer 2

measure of how many variations there are in the genetic code between individuals of a particular species, or between different species.

Question 3

species diversity

Answer 3

measures of how many different species are present in an area, and how many individuals of these species there are

Question 4

habitat diversity

Answer 4

measure of how many different species there are in an area.

Question 5

ecosystems

Answer 5

biological communities where organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment

Question 6

species richness

Answer 6

he number of different species in an area

Question 7

relative species abundance

Answer 7

he relative numbers of species in an area

Question 8

biodiversity hotspot

Answer 8

an area with a particularly high level of biodiversity

Question 9

allele frequency

Answer 9

the frequency with which a particular allele appears
within a population

Question 10

endemic

Answer 10

a species that evolves in geographical isolation and is found in only one place

Question 11

diversity index

Answer 11

a way of measuring the biodiversity of a habitat

Question 12

genetic diversity

Answer 12

a measure of the level of difference in the genetic
make-up of a population

Question 13

heterozygosity index

Answer 13

heterozygosity index a useful measure of genetic diversity within a
population expressed as:
number of heterozygous
—————————————–
number of individuals in the population

Question 14

ecology

Answer 14

the study of the relationships of organisms to one another
and to their physical environment

Question 15

anatomical

Answer 15

adaptations adaptations involving the form and
structure of an organism

Question 16

niche

Answer 16

the role of an organism within the habitat in which it lives

Question 17

physiological adaptations

Answer 17

adaptations involving the way the body of the organism works, including differences in biochemical pathways or enzymes

Question 18

behavioural adaptations

Answer 18

adaptations involving programmed or
instinctive behaviour making organisms better adapted for survival

Question 19

population

Answer 19

a breeding group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular habitat and a
particular niche

Question 20

gene pool

Answer 20

the sum total of all the genes in a population at a given time

Question 21

selection pressure

Answer 21

the effect of one or more environmental factors that determine whether an organism will be more or less successful at surviving and reproducing; selection pressure drives speciation

Question 22

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 22

the mathematical relationship between the frequencies of alleles and
genotypes in a population; the equation used to describe this relationship can be used to work out the
stable allele frequencies within a population

Question 23

gene flow

Answer 23

gene flow the migration of either whole organisms or genetic material into or out of a population and into
another population, tending to make different populations more alike, but changing the allele frequencies within each individual population all the time

Question 24

speciation

Answer 24

the formation of a new species

Question 25

adaptive radiation

Answer 25

a process by which one species develops rapidly resulting in several different species which fill different ecological niches

Question 26

allopatric speciation

Answer 26

speciation that occurs when populations are physically or geographically separated and there can be no interbreeding or gene flow between the populations

Question 27

hybridisations

Answer 27

the production of offspring as a result of sexual reproduction between individuals from two different species

Question 28

marsupials

Answer 28

mammals that give birth to very immature young and then protect them in pouches

Question 29

monotremes primitive

Answer 29

mammals that lay eggs and feed their offspring with milk from mammary glands

Question 30

placental mammals

Answer 30

mammals that provide for the developing fetus during gestation through a placenta

Question 31

sympatric speciation

Answer 31

speciation that occurs between populations of a species in the same place; they become reproductively separate by mechanical, behavioural or seasonal mechanisms; gene flow continues between the populations to some extent as speciation occurs

Question 32

population bottleneck

Answer 32

the effect of an event or series of events that dramatically reduces the size of a population and causes a severe decrease in the gene pool of the population, resulting in large changes in allele frequencies and a reduction in genetic diversity

Question 33

founder effect

Answer 33

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a small number of individuals become isolated, forming a new population with allele frequencies not representative of the original population

Question 34

conservation

Answer 34

maintaining and protecting a living and changing environment

Question 35

ex-situ conservation

Answer 35

the conservation of components of biological diversity (living organisms) outside their natural habitats

Question 36

in-situ conservation

Answer 36

the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats, and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings

Question 37

captive breeding

Answer 37

programmes programmes where individuals of an endangered species are bred in zoos and parks in an attempt to save the species from extinction, and if possible to reintroduce them to their natural wild environment

Question 38

Why are nitrates ions needed in a plant? What happens if deprived of it?

Answer 38

they are needed to make amino acids and therefore make proteins, also makes DNA and hormones. if there's a lack of nitrates older leaves turn yellowing die, also stunt growth.

Question 39

why are magnesium ion needed in a plant, what happens if deprived from it.

Answer 39

needed to produce the green pigment (chlorophyll), used to trap light for photosynthesis, also its needed to activate some plant enzymes. if there's lack if plant can't make enough chlorophyll it willl eventually die, also yellow areas start to develop, on older leaves and growth is slowed.

Question 40

why are calcium ion needed in a plant, what happens if deprived from it.

Answer 40

in the middle lamella it will combine pectin to make calcium pectate, which holds cells together, also important in the permeability of membranes. If they lack, the plants stop growing points die and younger leaves are yellow and crinkly.