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GCSE Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Because your cells need the right conditions to function properly, including the right conditions for enzyme action.

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3
Q

When does homeostasis happen?

A

When there are changes in both internal and external conditions.

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4
Q

What do automatic control systems do?

A

They regulate your internal environment.

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5
Q

What are examples of automatic control systems?

A

Nervous and hormonal communication.

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6
Q

What are automatic control systems made up of?

A

Receptors, coordination centres and effectors.

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7
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment.

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8
Q

When does your body use negative feedback?

A

When the levels of something gets too high or too low.

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9
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is a mechanism used by your automatic control system to keep your internal enviroment stable.

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10
Q

How does your body use negative feedback when the levels of something get too high or too low?

A

1)Receptor detects a stimulus - level is too high/low.
2)The coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organises a response.
3)Effector produces a response, which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level - the level decreases/increases.

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11
Q

What does the nervous system mean?

A

That humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

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12
Q

Where is the Central Nervous System (CNS) found?

A

-In vertebrates (animals with backbone) this consists of the brain and spinal cord only.
-In mammals, the CNS is connected to the body by sensory neurons and motor neurons.

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13
Q

What are the Sensory Neurons?

A

The neurons that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptor to the CNS.

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14
Q

What are the Motor Neurons?

A

The neurons that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effector.

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15
Q

What is the Effector?

A

All your muscles and glands, which respond to nervous impulses.

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16
Q

What are Receptors?

A

Receptors are the cells that detect stimuli.

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17
Q

What are example of Receptor?

A

Taste receptors on the tongue and sound receptors in the ears.

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18
Q

What can Receptors and Effectors form?

A

Complex organs.

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19
Q

What are examples of coordination centres?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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20
Q

Give an example of negative feedback when a small bird is eating some seeds and its spots a cat.

A

1)It spots a cat coming towards it (this is the stimulus).
2)The receptors in the bird’s eye are stimulated. Sensory neurons carry the information from the receptors to the CNS.
3)The CNS decides what to do about it.
4)The CNS sends information to the muscles in the bird’s wings (the effector) along motor neurones. The muscles contract and the bird flies away to safety.

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21
Q

What are synapses?

A

The connection between two neurons.

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22
Q

How are nerve signals transferred in synapses?

A

By chemicals which diffuse (move) across the gap. These chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

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23
Q

What do Reflexes help prevent?

A

injury

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24
Q

What are Reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain.

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25
Q

What is an example of reflex that helps prevent injury?

A

If someone shines a bright light in your eye, your pupils automatically get smaller so that less light gets into the eye - this stops it getting damaged.

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26
Q

What is the passage of information in the reflex (from receptor to effector) called?

A

A reflex arc.

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27
Q

Where does the reflex arc go through?

A

The Central Nervous System

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28
Q

How does the reflex arc go through the Central Nervous System when a bee stings your finger?

A

1)Bee stings your finger.
2)Stimulation of the pain receptor
3)Impulses travel along the sensory neurone
4)Impulses are passed along a relay neurone, via a synapse.
5)Impulses travel along a motor neurone, via a synapse
6)When impulses reach muscle, it contracts

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29
Q

What is the brain responsible for?

A

The brain is responsible for complex behaviours.

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30
Q

What are examples of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral cortex?

A

This is the outer wrinkly bit. It’s responsible for things like consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

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32
Q

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and your heartbeat.

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33
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Responsible for muscle coordination.

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34
Q

What methods do scientists use to study the brain?

A

-Studying patients with brain damage
-Electrically stimulating the brain
-MRI scan

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35
Q

Explain how scientists study patients with brain damage?

A

If a small part of the brain has been damaged, the effect this has on the patient can tell you a lot about what the damaged part of the brain does.

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36
Q

Explain how scientists electrically stimulate the brain?

A

The brain can be stimulated electrically by pushing a tiny electrode into the tissue and giving it a small zap of electricity.

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37
Q

What is a MRI scanner?

A

A MRI scanner is a big fancy tube-like machine that can produce a very detailed picture of the brain’s structures.

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38
Q

How do scientists use a MRI scanner to study the brain?

A

Scientists use it to find out what areas of the brain are active when people are doing things like listening to music or trying to recall a memory.

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39
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The Sclera is the tough, supporting wall of the eye.

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40
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

The transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye.

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41
Q

What does the Cornea do?

A

It reflects (bends) light into the eye.

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42
Q

What does the Iris contain?

A

Muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the eye.

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43
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses the light onto the Retina.

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44
Q

What does the Retina contain?

A

Receptor cells sensitive to light intensity and colour.

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45
Q

What is the shape of the lens controlled by?

A

Ciliary muscles and Suspensory ligaments.

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46
Q

What does the Optic nerve do?

A

The Optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain.

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47
Q

How does light effect the eye?

A

Very bright light can damage the retina.

48
Q

What happens when your eye detects very bright light?

A

The light receptors in the eye detect very bright light, a reflex is triggered that makes the pupil smaller. The circular muscles in the iris contract and the radial muscles relax. This reduce the amount of light that can enter the eye.

49
Q

What happens when your eye detects dim light?

A

The radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax, which makes the pupil wider.

50
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the eye focuses light on the retina by changing the shape of the lens.

51
Q

How does your eye accommodate to look at near objects?

A

1)The ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligaments.
2)The lens becomes fat (more curved).
3)This increases the amount by which it refracts light.

52
Q

How does your eye accommodate to look at distant objects?

A

1)The ciliary muscles relax, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight.
2)This makes the lens go thin (less curved).
3)So it refracts light by a smaller amount.

53
Q

What happens if the lens cannot refract the light by the right amount?

A

The person will become short or long sighted.

54
Q

What are long-sighted people unable to do?

A

long-sighted people are unable to focus near objects.

55
Q

When does long sightedness occur?

A

When the lens is the wrong shape and doesn’t refract (bend) the light enough or the eyeball is too short.

56
Q

How do long sighted people correct their sight?

A

With convex lens

57
Q

Where are images brought into focus for long sighted people?

A

behind the retina

58
Q

What is the medical term for long-sighted?

A

Hyperopia

59
Q

What are short-sighted people unable to do?

A

Focus distant objects

60
Q

When does short sightedness occur?

A

When the lens is the wrong shape and refracts the light too much or the eyeball is too long.

61
Q

Where are images brought into focus for short sighted people?

A

In front of the retina

62
Q

How do short sighted people correct their sight?

A

Concave lenses

63
Q

What is the medical term for short sighted?

A

Myopia

64
Q

What are the treatments for vision defects?

A

Contact lenses
Laser eye surgery
Replacement lens surgery

65
Q

How does your body keep the core body temperature constant?

A

By balancing the amount of energy gained and lost.

66
Q

What does the thermoregulatory centre in the brain contain?

A

Receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.

67
Q

What does the thermoregulatory centre receive?

A

Impulses from temperature receptors in the skin, giving information about skin temperature.

68
Q

How does your body cool down / warm up?

A

1)Temperature receptors detect that core body temperature is too high/low.
2)The thermoregulatory centre acts as a coordination centre - it receives information from the temperature receptors and triggers the effectors automatically.
3)-body warms up -Effector e.g. sweat glands produce a response
-body cools down-Effector e.g. muscles produce a response

69
Q

What happens when your body is too hot?

A

1)Sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from the skin. This transfers energy to the environment.
2)The blood vessels supplying the skin dilate so more blood flows close to the surface of the skin. This is called vasodilation. This helps transfer energy from the skin to the environment.

70
Q

What happens when your body is too cold?

A

1)Hairs stand up to trap an insulating layer of air.
2)No sweat is produced.
3)Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to close of the skin’s blood supply. This is called vasoconstriction.
4)When you’re cold you shiver too your muscles contract automatically. This needs respiration which transfers some energy to warm the body.

71
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical molecules released directly into the blood.

72
Q

What are target organs?

A

When hormones are carried in the blood to other parts of the body, but only affect particular cells in particular organs.

73
Q

What are hormones produced in and secreted by?

A

Various glands called the endocrine glands.

74
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine glands

75
Q

What are examples of glands?

A

1)The pituitary gland
2)Ovaries
3)Testes
4)Thyroid
5)Adrenal gland
6)The pancreas

76
Q

What do the pituitary glands produce?

A

Many hormones that regulate body conditions.

77
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

Master gland

78
Q

Why is the pituitary gland also known as the master gland?

A

Because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

79
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

80
Q

What do testes produce?

A

Testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

81
Q

What does thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

82
Q

What do the Adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

83
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

84
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves:
-very fast action
-act for a very short time
-act on a very precise area
Hormones:
-slower action
-act for a long time
-act in a more general way

85
Q

What controls blood glucose level?

A

Insulin and glucagon.

86
Q

What does eating food containing carbohydrate do?

A

Puts glucose into the blood from the gut.

87
Q

What condition affects your ability to control your blood glucose level?

A

Diabetes.

88
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. This means a persons blood glucose level can rise to a level that can kill them.

89
Q

What procigar do people with type 1 diabetes need to follow?

A

Insulin therapy. This usually involves several injections of insulin throughout the day, most likely at mealtimes.

90
Q

What does insulin therapy do?

A

Makes sure that glucose is removed from blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting to high.

91
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. This can also cause a persons blood glucose level to rise to a dangerous level.

92
Q

What is a major risk factor in developing type 2 diabetes?

A

Being overweight or obese.

93
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

By eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet and getting regular exercise.

94
Q

How do the kidneys make urine?

A

By taking waste products out of your blood.

95
Q

What is filtration?

A

When substances are filtered out of the blood as it passes through the kidneys.

96
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

When substances like glucose, some ions and the right amount of water are absorbed back into the blood.

97
Q

What substances are removed from the body in urine?

A

1)Urea
2)Ions
3)Water

98
Q

What is the concentration of urine controlled by?

A

A hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). This is released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.

99
Q

How is ADH released into the bloodstream?

A

The brain monitors the water content of the blood and instructs the pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood according to how much it needs.

100
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Remove waste substances from the blood.

101
Q

What happens if the kidney doesn’t work properly?

A

Waste substances build up in the blood in the blood and you lose your ability to control the levels of ions and water in your body. Eventually, this results to death.

102
Q

How can people with kidney failure be kept alive?

A

By having dialysis treatment - where machines do the job of the kidneys.

103
Q

What are dialysis machines used for?

A

To filter the blood.

104
Q

What is the only cure for kidney failure?

A

A kidney transplant.

105
Q

How are healthy kidneys usually transplanted from?

A

-People who have died suddenly. However, they have to be registered.
-People who are alive but there are risks

106
Q

What are the risks for the patient receiving the donor kidney?

A

The patients immune system will reject the kidney. the patient is treated with drugs to prevent this but it can still happen.

107
Q

What happens at puberty?

A

Your body starts releasing sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics and cause eggs to mature in women.

108
Q

How many stages are there in the menstrual cycle?

A

4

109
Q

What is stage 1 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1 - menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days.

110
Q

What is stage 2 in the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining builds up again, from day 4 to day 14, into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg.

111
Q

What is stage 3 in the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14 - this is called ovulation.

112
Q

What is stage 4 in the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is the maintained for about 14 days until 28. If not fertilised the egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again.

113
Q

What hormones is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

A

1)FSH
2)Oestrogen
3)LH
4)Progesterone

114
Q

1)Where is FSH produced?
2)What does FSH cause?
3)What does FSH stimulate?

A

1)Produced in the pituitary glands.
2)Causes and egg to mature in one of the ovaries, in a structure called follicle.
3)Stimulates the ovaries to produce Oestrogen.

115
Q

1)Where is Oestrogen produced?
2)What does Oestrogen cause?
3)What does Oestrogen stimulate and inhibit?

A

1)Produced in the ovaries.
2)Causes the lining of the uterus to grow
3)Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH.

116
Q

1)Where is LH produced?
2)What does LH stimulate?

A

1)Produced by the pituitary glands
2)Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation).

117
Q

1)Where is Progesterone produced?
2)What does Progesterone maintain?
3)What does Progesterone inhibit?

A

1)Produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation.
2)Maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining break down.
3)Inhibits the release of LH and FSH.

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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