Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 1010 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Wake up during or going into/coming out of REM

The feeling of being conscious but unable to move

  • Anxiety/terror
  • feeling of menacing presence
  • Intruder

Culture plays a role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consciousness

A

Waking consciousness

  • Our subjective experience of the world our bodies and our mental perspective

Altered states of consciousness

  • Sleep paralysis
  • Locke in syndrome
  • Out of body
  • Near death
  • Mythical experiences
  • Hypnosis
  • meditation
  • Psychoactive drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is sleep

A

Low physical activity, receded sense of awareness

secretion of many hormones including

  • Melatonin
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Growth hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stages of sleep

A

5 stages of sleep in 90min cycles

Stages 1 - 4: NERM

  • No eye movements, fewer dreams

Stage 5: REM sleep

  • Vivid dreams and quick eye movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Light vs Deep Sleep

A

Light sleep:

  • Heart rate decreases
  • Body temp drops
  • Electric brain wave activity slows

Deep sleep:

  • Brain erupts with powerful brain waves
  • Body is recharged
  • Immune & cardiovascular benefits
  • Memory Consolidation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

pre sleep consciousness

Hypnagogic imagery

  • Visual
  • Somatic
  • Auditory

Myolonic / Hypnic jerk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stage 1: Transition

A

The transition from wakefulness to sleep

It lasts only a few minutes

Brain waves slow down

Dreams like photos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stage 2: Falling asleep

A

Further slowing of brain waves

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

As much as 65% of total sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stages 3 and 4: Deep sleep

A

Delta waves

1st stage of deep sleep

Crucial to feel rested

Growth hormone production

Children spend more time NREM3/4 (efficient sleepers) than elderly

Suppressed by alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stage 5: REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep

Brain waves similar to wakefulness

Antonia (cannot move)

Eye & inner ear movements

REM rebound

Probably essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do we sleep

A

Sleep is adaptive
* Restores resources
* Predatory Risks
* But we are vulnerable during sleep

Sleep is restorative:
* Sleep restores & replenishes us
* Memory consolidation, learning, cognitive function
* Slow wave sleep

Sleep is essential:
* Necessary for growth & brain development
* But we don’t know why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sleep deprivation & mental health

A

Feel increased stress

overact emotionally

lack of emotional regulation
* React to neutral images if they were emotional (amygdala Activision, not connected to frontal cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peter Tripp

A

Stage a “walkathon”

Broadcasted from Times Square for 200 hours

Family and friends reported personality changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

Biological rhythm that occurs over 24 hours

Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or biological clock of the hypothalamus

The sleep-wake cycle, one of our main circadian rhythms is linked to our environment’s natural light-dark cycle

Body temp, hormone production & blood pressure follow circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Brains clock mechanism

Sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina, allowing it to synchronize with the outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Melatonin & sleep regulation

A

Sleep-wake cycle is also regulated by other factors

Melatonin release stimulated by darkness inhibited by daylight
* Makes us sleepy
* Released by the pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disruption of normal sleep

A

Jet lag
* Symptoms resulting from mismatch b/w our internal circadian cycles and our environment (fatigue, Sluggishness, irritability)

Rotating shift work
* Difficult to maintain normal circadian rhythm
* Exhaustion, agitation, sleep problems, depression & anxiety
* Shift work aged the brain by more than 6 years
* Substantial decline in brain function associated with shift work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do we dream

A

Freud
* Dreams are unconscious wish-fulfillment
* latent vs manifest content (what we really want vs. the storyline we get)
* Why do we have bad dreams
* symbols vs interpretation

Evolution
* Dreams for survival theory
* Many dreams are stressful
* represent concerns about our daily life

Neuroscience:
* Dreams are a way to make sense of random brain activity while sleeping
* Scenario isn’t random
* Motivation & emotional centers active during REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week, for at least 1 month

9 - 20% of people

Higher likelihood of insomnia amongst students (~25%)
* ADHD (3.48 times higher risk)
* Depression
* Employment

Treatment: psychotherapy and or hypnotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Paradoxical insomnia

A

Sleep state misperception
* I’m awake or am I?

people believe they are sleep deprived despite having a normal sleep cycle

Experience distress, anxiety & fatigue

Irritation beliefs & excessive worry

21
Q

Night Terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes characetized by
* Screaming
* Sweating
* Confusion

Followed by return to deep sleep
* Most common in children (3 - 8)

Harmless

22
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Blockage of the airway during sleep
* SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

23
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep

Directly into REM sleep

Cataplexy
* Sudden loss muscle control

Affects humans and animals

Associated with a lack of orexin

24
Q

Rem behavior disorder

A

Not paralyzed during & can act out dreams

25
Somnambulism
Walking while fully asleep Vague consciousness of the world around them Stage 3 sleep Perfectly safe to wake
26
Sleep deprivation & technology
Children with mobile devices in the room: 7.4 hours of sleep per night Children without a mobile devices in the room: 8.3 hours of sleep per night
27
Psychoactive drugs
Substances containing chemicals similar to those found in the brain that alter biochemistry Influence * Emotions * Perception * Behavior creates dependence on * Caffeine * Nicotine * Alcohol * THC Affect the nervous system in different ways
28
Biologically based addiction
The body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug it cannot function in its absence Related to withdrawal
29
Psychologically based addiction
People believe they need the drug to respond to the stress of daily living Related to cravings
30
Tolerance
This means more is needed to achieve the effect
31
Stimulants
Drugs that have an arousal effect on CNS * Rise in blood pressure * Heart rate * Muscular tension
32
Caffeine
Increase in attentiveness, decrease in reaction time - improvement in mood
33
Nicotine
* Activities neural mechanisms similar to cocaine * Enhances norepinephrine & acetylcholine, promotes dopamine activates SNS
34
Amphetamines
Strong stimulants * Dexedrine & Benzedrine (speed) Small doses * Sense of energy * Talkativeness * Heightened confidence * Increase concentration * Reduced fatigue * Mood “high” Prolonged use * Paranoia * Reduction in sexual desire * Large doses can result in convulsion & death
35
Amphetamines & ADHD
ADHD is associated with lower levels of dopamine, seeking stimulation Drugs like Adderall increase levels of dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine No ADHD -> euphoria, increased wakefulness, better ability to cope with stress
36
Cocaine
Small doses produce a feeling * Profound psychological well-being * Awake * Energetic * Increase confidence * Less hunger/sleep Larger doses * Anger * Violence * Irritability Fidgeting (dopamine) “Highs” due to dopamine * Blocks reabsorption, floods the brain
37
Depressants
Downers Slow down CNS - neurons fire more slowly Typically increases GABA activity Small doses * Temporary feeling of intoxication along with euphoria & joy Large doses * Speech becomes slurred, and muscle control becomes disjoined, making motion difficult * Heavy users may lose consciousness entirely
38
Alcohol
Most commonly used depressant Stimulating at low doses (via dopamine) * Euphoric, depressant effects kick in with higher doses Lower inhibition “social lubricant” impairs judgment Magnifies emotions Females experience effect more heavily (same weight, higher BAC)
39
Balanced placebo design
What we expect to happen plays a role in social behavior Disentangle physiological effects from the influence of expectation Placebo drinker's behavior similar to alcohol drinkers Expectations more important than physiological in influences social behaviors
40
Barbiturates
Prescribed to induce sleep or reduce stress (produce a sense of relaxation) Psychologically & physically addictive With Alcohol: relaxes the muscles of the diaphragm to such an extent that the user stops breathing (deadly)
41
Benzodiazepines
Prescribed to treat anxiety and panic Highly addictive Excessive use can lead to tolerance (also memory impairment) Deadly with alcohol
42
Quaaludes
Methaqualone (brand name Quaaludes) CNS depressant - sedative & hypnotic (increases GABA) Popular in 1970s - taken so commonly as recreational drug that is has been banned for 30 years Bill Cosby
43
Narcotics
Drugs that increase relaxation & relieve pain and anxiety Highly addictive * Heroine * Morphine * Derived from poppy seed pods Medical to abuse pipeline
44
Opioids: poppy-sed derivates
Morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl CNS depressant - drowsiness, drift in & out of consciousness (nod off) binds to opioid receptors - dopamine agonist Euphoria & relaxation, blur the boundaries between wakefulness & dream-like consciousness Reduced pain awareness (blocks pain messages)
45
Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
Capable of producing hallucinations or changing sin perception LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, marijuana, ecstasy, salvia Interest in therapeutic values * Mystical experiences * Treatment-resistant challenges
46
MDMA
MDMA & lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD acid) work primarily on serotonin, alter perception * Ecstasy: users repot peacefulness & calm increased empathy & connection, relaxed but energetic
47
LSD
Produces vivid hallucinations (can be wondrous or terrifying) Alteration in sensory perception & distortions in time
48
Marijuana - THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Effects are a mix of excitatory depressive and mild hallucinatory Trigger spontaneous, unrelated ideas, distorted perceptions of time & place, increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, and colors - erratic verbal behavior Memory impairment “spaced out” Prolonged cannabis use * Impaired cognitive function (reversible) * Reduced dopaminergic function

PSYC 1010 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions