Topic 5 Controlling Fertility

Question 1

How can oestrogen prevent the release of the egg

Answer 1

If it is taken every day to keep its level permanently high it inhibits the production of FSH a and after a while egg development and production will stop and stay stopped

Question 2

How can progesterone reduce fertility

Answer 2

By creating a thick mucus which prevents sperm getting through and reaching the egg

Question 3

What is the combined oral contraceptive pill

Answer 3

A pill containing oestrogen and progesterone

Question 4

How effective is the pill

Answer 4

99%

Question 5

What are the side effects of the pill

Answer 5

Headaches and nausea

Question 6

One con of the combine oral contraceptive pill

Answer 6

Doesn’t protect about sexually transmitted disease

Question 7

What are adv of the progesterone only pill

Answer 7

Has fewer side effects and is just as effective

Question 8

What is the contraceptive patch

Answer 8

Contains oestrogen and progesterone
And is a small patch stuck to the skin that lasts one week

Question 9

What is the contraceptive implant

Answer 9

Inserted under the skin of the arm and releases a continuous amount of progesterone which stops the ovaries releasing eggs and makes it hard for sperm to swim to the egg and being fertilised
Lasts 3 years

Question 10

Contraceptive injection

Answer 10

Contains progesterone and lasts 2-3 months

Question 11

What is the intrauterine device (IUD)

Answer 11

T shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg

Question 12

What are the two main types of IUD

Answer 12

Plastic that release progesterone
Copper that prevent the sperm from surviving in the uterus

Question 13

Why are condoms good

Answer 13

Only form of contraception that will protect against sexually transmitted disease

Question 14

What is the diaphragm

Answer 14

A shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix (entrance to the uterus) to form a barrier
And can be used with spermicide (substances that kills or disables sperm)

Question 15

How effective is spermicide when used on its own

Answer 15

70-80%

Question 16

What is sterilisation

Answer 16

Cutting or tying of the fallopian tubes in a female
Cutting of the sperm duct I’m the penis for a male

Question 17

What kind of procedure is sterilisation

Answer 17

Permanent solution but small chance tubes can rejoin

Question 18

What are natural methods of avoiding pregnancy

Answer 18

Finding out when in the menstrual cycle the women is most fertile and avoiding having sexual intercourse on those days

Question 19

What is abstinence

Answer 19

Only way is completely be sure that sperm does not meet the egg is not to have sexual intercourse

Question 20

Pros of fertility drugs

Answer 20

Can you help women get pregnant

Question 21

Cons of fertility drugs

Answer 21

Doesn’t always work
too many eggs can be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies

Question 22

Pros of facility treatment

Answer 22

Given infertile couples a child

Question 23

Cons of fertility treatment

Answer 23

Multiple births
success rate is low
emotionally stressful as well as physically stressful

Question 24

Why are some people against IVF

Answer 24

Unused embryos or destroyed
genetic testing of embryos for implantation could lead to selection of preferred characteristics

Question 25

What does ivf involve

Answer 25

Collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using a man’s sperm

Question 26

What does ivf stand for

Answer 26

In vitro fertilisation

Question 27

What is the ivf treatment called intra cytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI

Answer 27

Where sperm is injected directly into an egg

Question 28

When is ICSI a useful

Answer 28

If a man has a low sperm count

Question 29

Where are the eggs grown into embryos during ivf

Answer 29

In a laboratory incubator

Question 30

What happens once the embryos are tiny balls of cells

Answer 30

They are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy

Question 31

What is given to a woman before the eggs are inserted during ivf

Answer 31

Fsh and LH to stimulate several eggs to mature

Question 32

Cons of ivf

Answer 32

Multiple births can happen and therefore there risky for the mother and the babies (miscarriage and still birth) Success rate of ivf is low 26% process stressful upsetting and multiple failures Emotionally and physically stressful for the woman as some may have strong reactions to hormones E.g abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration

Question 33

What has helped improve techniques and therefore success rates

Answer 33

Microscope techniques

Question 34

What have specialised micro tools need developed for

Answer 34

To use on eggs and sperm under a microscope Also used to remove single cells from an embryo for genetic testing

Question 35

What is used to continuously monitor the embryos to see which ones are more likely to result in successful pregnancy

Answer 35

Time lapse imaging (using microscope and built in camera in the incubator)

Question 36

Why are some against genetic testing

Answer 36

Some think it could lead to selection of preferred characteristic such as gender or eye colour