Topic 5: Intro to the Brain

Question 1

A _____ is a ridge on the surface of the brain. Each ridge is surrounded by fissures known as sulci (singular: sulcus).

Answer 1

gyrus (plural: gyri)

Question 2

The ________ makes up the largest portion of the brain and consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the contralateral side of the body.

Answer 2

Cerebrum

Question 3

Each cerebral hemisphere has _ lobes. Each lobe is associated with various functions.

Answer 3

4

Question 4

The ______ ______ is the 3-mm-thick outer layer of the cerebrum. It consists of grey matter. Grey matter is dominated by nuclei.

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex

Question 5

The remainder of the cerebrum is composed of white matter (dominated by _________ tracts) with small islands of grey matter within.

Answer 5

Myelinated

Question 6

The _____ ______ (precentral gyrus) is the part of the frontal lobe that lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It initiates voluntary contractions of individual muscles in the contralateral side of the body and is essential for the ability to perform finely graded movements.

Answer 6

Motor cortex

Question 7

________ is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write and sign.

Answer 7

Aphasia

Question 8

Aphasia most commonly arises from a ______, particularly in older individuals. It may also arise from head trauma, from brain tumors, or from infections.

Answer 8

Stroke

Question 9

___________ aphasia is also called Broca’s or non-fluent aphasia. People with this pattern of aphasia struggle to get words out, speak in short sentences and omit words.

Answer 9

Comprehensive

Question 10

The _______ _______ (aka post-central gyrus) of the parietal lobe lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus, between the frontal and occipital lobes. It receives information from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, and joints of the contralateral side of the body.

Answer 10

The sensory cortex

Question 11

The _________ lobe interprets auditory stimuli.

Answer 11

Temporal

Question 12

The motor and sensory cortical ________ are distorted representations of the human body. They are based on a neurological “map” of brain areas. The proportions represent the part of the brain dedicated to processing motor or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.

Answer 12

Homunculi

Question 13

Individuals with _________’s aphasia may speak fluently in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new “words” called neologisms.

Answer 13

Wernicke’s

Question 14

Broca’s area is associated with verbal _________, Wernicke’s area with _____________.

Answer 14

Broca’s area is associated with verbal expression, Wernicke’s area with comprehension.

Question 15

The __________ lobe is located posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes. It interprets visual stimuli

Answer 15

Occipital

Question 16

The ______ is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus. In most mammals, it processes the sense of disgust.

Answer 16

Insula

Question 17

In primates, the insular cortex contains a large population of ___ ________ neurons. These neurons are believed to be involved in cognitive-emotional processes such as empathy.This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the insula is the hub of a brain network involved in empathizing with the pain of others.

Answer 17

von Economo

Question 18

In neuroanatomy, a 1) ________ is a brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. 2) _______ are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS.

Answer 18

1) Nucleus

2) Nuclei

Question 19

The _____ ________ are a collection of nuclei deep to the grey matter of the cerebral cortex. They generally help in directing involuntary movements including postural proximal adjustments. This “background positioning” is necessary before fine, distal movements may take place.

Answer 19

Basal Ganglia

Question 20

___________ is the presence of abnormal involuntary movements and/or excessive movements.

Answer 20

Hyperkinesia

Question 21

___________ is an absence, reduction or difficulty with intended, voluntary movements.

Answer 21

Hypokinesia

Question 22

The overall effect of the BG is ________. To sit still, you inhibit all movements except those reflexes that maintain an upright posture. To move, you dampen certain postural reflexes, and release the brake on voluntary movement.

Answer 22

Inhibitory

Question 23

Dysfunctions often involve __________ of cerebral structures that are normally inhibited by the basal ganglia. Even small disturbances can throw the whole motor system off.

Answer 23

Disinhibition

Question 24

__________’s _______ is the most common disorder of BG and the 2nd most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain stem.

Answer 24

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

Question 25

In the early stages of Parkinson’s Disease, _________ (a reduction in the expressiveness of the face) is often present.

Answer 25

Hypomimia

Question 26

Experimental studies suggest that symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease do not appear until nearly all __________ neurons have been lost. This explains late onset of symptoms although individuals can be “diseased” for years.

Answer 26

Dopaminergic

Question 27

The __________ is located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem.
It functions as an important centre for coordination of movements and maintenance of balance.

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

The cerebellum constantly receives information from ____________ (muscle spindles GTOs). It makes adjustments so that the planned movements initiated from the motor cortex are successful.

Answer 28

Proprioceptors

Question 29

T/F: Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum works contraterally.

Answer 29

False: The cerebellum works ipsilaterally.

Question 30

An inability to coordinate the muscles usually most prominent during gait. Ataxic gait aka “drunken sailor’s gait” is an unsteady, staggering gait.

Answer 30

Ataxia

Question 31

The amplitude of an _______ ______ increases as an extremity approaches the endpoint of deliberate and visually guided movement.

Answer 31

Intention Tremor

Question 32

When experiencing an intention tremor, one often overshoots or undershoots their target, a condition known as ________ (the inability to perform accurate movements due to over or under projection).

Answer 32

Dysmetria

Question 33

A(n) __________ _____ is an internal copy of an efferent, movement-producing signal generated by the motor system. It is combined with the afferent sensory input that results from the body’s actual movement, enabling a comparison of actual movement with desired movement and then a correction.

Answer 33

Efference copy

Question 34

During effective execution of the movement, ___________ feedback will match the predicted sensory feedback at the level of a so-called ‘comparator’, (the cerebellum).

Answer 34

Proprioceptive

Question 35

The _____ _____ is located superior to the spinal cord. It consists of the medulla oblongata (caudal), pons (intermediate) and midbrain (superior).

Answer 35

Brain stem

Question 36

In general, the brain stem is concerned with the vital (life sustaining) functions of the ____.

Answer 36

ANS

Question 37

The brain stem contains both motor and sensory tracts that connect the ______ _____ and various regions of the brain. It is the site of most of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei.

Answer 37

Spinal cord

Question 38

The ________ ________ is a large part of the brain stem consisting of small areas of loosely clustered nuclei and tracts. It helps maintain consciousness, causes awakening from sleep, filters out unimportant information, and contributes to regulating muscle tone.

Answer 38

Reticular formation

Question 39

The _______ system is a set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory.

Answer 39

Limbic

Question 40

The ______ ________, the so-called brain’s pleasure center, plays a role in sexual arousal and the “high” derived from any sort of “addiction”.

Answer 40

Nucleus accumbens

Question 41

The _________ plays a critical role in the formation, organization, and storage of new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories. Memories are not stored here for the long term, but the it plays a role in consolidating memories during sleep.

Answer 41

Hippocampus

Question 42

The _______ plays an important role in emotional behaviors especially fear and aggression.

Answer 42

Amygdala

Question 43

Although ________ is generally assumed to play a minor role in humans compared to vision or audition, it is also commonly accepted that odors have a rather unique status for eliciting memories.

Answer 43

Olfaction

Question 44

Smells are handled by the _______ ____ and via Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) send this information to the brain for further processing.

Answer 44

Olfactory bulb

Question 45

Odors take a direct route to the _______ system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus, the regions related to emotion and memory.

Answer 45

Limbic