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NSG 322 > Topic 5: Neurocog/Neurodev > Flashcards

Topic 5: Neurocog/Neurodev Flashcards

1
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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2
Q

social reciprocity

A

how the child responds or reciprocates when socially interactive (may not have social cues)

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3
Q

joint attention

A

wanting to share an interest (may not be interested in showing)

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4
Q

nonverbal communication

A

ability to use or interpret nonverbal cue

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5
Q

social relationships

A

making and maintain relationships

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6
Q

repetitive behavior

A

example: putting on shoes in the same order

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7
Q

fixed routines

A

example: same route to daily destination

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8
Q

restricted thinking

A

specific, detailed knowledge of a certain topic of interest

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9
Q

ASD severity level 1

A

*Speaks in full sentences, difficulty with conversations
*Difficulty changing activities, organization & planning difficulties

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10
Q

ASD severity level 2

A

*Notable deficit in verbal & nonverbal social communication, does not initiate social interactions
*Repetitive behaviors are observable
*Change in routine leads to distress

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11
Q

ASD severity level 3

A

*Few spoken words
*Rarely interacts with others
*Very resistant to change
*Interferes with daily life

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12
Q

medication treatment for reducing aggressive and self harm behaviors in ASD

A

atypical antipsychotics (Risperidone)

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13
Q

medication treatment for obsessive or anxious symptoms in ASD

A

SSRIs or B-Blockers

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14
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

based on symptoms that have occurred over the past 6 months; issues with concentration, making careless mistakes, difficulty remaining focused, easily distracted, struggle with time management, inattentiveness

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15
Q

diagnostic method for ADHD

A

Vanderbilt Assessment Scale

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16
Q

medications for ADHD

A

stimulant and non-stimulant medications

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17
Q

stimulant medications for ADHD

A

*methylphenidate
*dexmethylphenidate
*mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall)
*lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)

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18
Q

non stimulant medications for ADHD

A

*atomoxetine (Strattera)
*clonidine
*guanfacine

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19
Q

methyphenidate (Ritalin) administration

A

needs to be given 6-12 hours before bed (stimulant medication for ADHD)

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20
Q

atomoxetine (Strattera) can…

A

can stunt growth (non stimulant medication for ADHD

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21
Q

enuresis

A

Repeated URINARY incontinence
*Involuntary or intentional voiding in clothing, bed, etc.
*Nocturnal, diurnal, or both

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22
Q

encopresis

A

Repeated incontinence of FECES into inappropriate places
*Involuntary or intentional voiding (places may include clothing, on floors, in waste receptacles, etc.)

23
Q

enuresis disorder intervention

A

*Parent education
*Toileting schedules (even during the night for enuresis)
*limit fluid prior to bedtime
*Bell and pad method
*Bladder training
*Medication

24
Q

medications for enuresis

A

*imipramine
*desmopressin
*oxybutynin
*indomethacin
*SSRIs

25
Q

encopresis interventions

A

*Parent education
*Referral to gastroenterologist (if indicated)
*Increase dietary fiber and fluid intake
*Toileting schedule
*Enhanced toilet accessibility
*Cognitive behavioral therapy
*Medications (stool softeners/laxatives, enema)

26
Q

delirium

A

ACUTE mental confusion, ALWAYS SECONDARY to other conditions and REVERSIBLE

27
Q

sundown syndrome

A

symptoms and problem behaviors become more pronounced in evening/night

28
Q

what is an early sign on dementia?

A

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

29
Q

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
main symptoms include

A

forgetfulness (important events/appointments)
difficulty following convo
trouble navigating familiar places
overwhelmed by a previously easy task

30
Q

cognitive impairment defense mechanisms

A

*Denial
*Confabulation
*Perseveration
*Avoidance

31
Q

confabulation

A

making-up stories or answers to maintain self esteem when something is forgotten

32
Q

denial

A

hiding memory deficits

33
Q

preservation

A

repetition of phrases or behavior

34
Q

avoidance

A

avoid answering questions

35
Q

______ often mimics s/s of dementia

A

depression

36
Q

The 4 A’s

A

amnesia
aphasia
apraxia
agnosia

37
Q

aphasia

A

initially has difficulty finding correct word, then only uses a few words, finally babbling or mutism

38
Q

apraxia

A

loss of purposeful movement (walking)

39
Q

agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize sounds, objects and individuals

40
Q

amnesia

A

memory impairment

41
Q

(Mild) Early Stage Alzheimer’s

A

Forgets words or names.
Can’t remember names of new people met.
Struggles with tasks at work or social gatherings.
Forgets recently read information.
Loses valuable items.
Has trouble planning or organizing.
Example: May forget a coworker’s name during a meeting or lose their house keys.

Key Points:
*The individual can still function independently.
*Memory lapses are noticed, but they’re not severely disruptive to daily life.

42
Q

(Moderate) Middle Stage Alzheimer’s

A

Key Points:
*Symptoms are noticeable and disrupt daily life.
*The individual requires more assistance from others.

*Mixes up or forgets words, gets easily upset or angry.
*Acts unusually, like refusing to bathe.
*Forgets personal history or important events.
*Becomes moody or pulls away from social activities.
*Can’t remember the address, phone number, or where they went to school.
*Gets confused about location and date.
*Needs help picking appropriate clothes.
*Sleep patterns change; may sleep during the day and stay awake at night.
*May wander off and get lost.
*Might act suspicious, see things that aren’t there, or repeat certain behaviors.

Example: May wear winter clothes in summer, forget their children’s names, or become upset easily.

43
Q

(Late) Severe Alzheimer’s

A

Key Points:
*The individual loses the ability to respond to the environment and communicate effectively.
*They require around-the-clock assistance.
*There’s a significant loss in physical abilities and increased vulnerability to infections.

*Needs constant help with daily activities and personal care.
*Loses track of recent experiences and what’s happening around.
*Can’t walk, sit, or swallow over time.
*Struggles to communicate and may only say a few words or phrases.
*Can’t express when in pain.
*Might undergo personality changes.
*Vulnerable to infections.

Example: May need help with eating, using the toilet, and may not recognize family members.

44
Q

dementia interventions

A

*Always introduce yourself and refer to client BY THIER NAME
*Speak slowly, short, simple words and phrases
*MAINTAIN 1 or 2 arms distance between you and the client

45
Q

When dementia client is delusional:

A

acknowledge client’s feeling and REINFORCE REALITY

46
Q

When dementia client is verbally aggressive:

A

acknowledge client’s feelings and CHANGE TOPIC

47
Q

what are the two major NT implicated in alzheimers

A

acetylcholine and glutamate

48
Q

what medications are used for Alzheimer’s?

A

“grandma doesn’t remember me”, = galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine

49
Q

which alzheimer drug inhibits glutamate?

A

memantine (Namenda)

50
Q

which alzheimer drug inhibits acetylcholine?

A

donepezil (Aricept)
rivastigmine (Exelon)
galantamine (Razadyne)

51
Q

which drugs treat mild to moderate AD?

A

*donepezil
*rivastigmine
*galantamine

52
Q

which drugs treat moderate to severe AD?

A

*memantine
*donepezil

53
Q

Mirtazapine (Remeron) may cause

A

weight gain and sedation (drug for depression)

54
Q

donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine SE

A

GI effects

NSG 322 (12 decks)

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