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Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher > Topic 5 - Separate Chemistry 1 > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Separate Chemistry 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transition metal

A

One of the elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table whihc forms brightly coloured compounds

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2
Q

Typical transition metal properties (4)

A
  • high melting points, high densities, form coloured compounds, they (and their compounds) can act as catalysts
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3
Q

Corrosion

A

the deterioration of a metal due to a chemical reaction or oxidisation in the environment

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4
Q

Metal + oxygen…

A

Metal oxide

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5
Q

Rusting

A

Where iron or an iron compounds reacts with oxygen and water

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6
Q

Rusting equation

A

Iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron(III) oxide

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7
Q

Rusting experiment

A

One nail in boiling tube with air and water (both), one with boiled water and a thin layer of oil on surface (no oxygen) and one with just calcium chloride (no water)

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8
Q

Ways to prevent rusting (5)

A

painting, electroplating, greasing, sacrificial protection, galvanising

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9
Q

Electroplating and rusting (4)

A
  • A thin layer of one metal covers another to increase corrosion resistance. The cathode is the object to be plated. The anode is plating metal. The electrolyte contains ions of the plating metal.
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10
Q

Sacrificial protection (3)

A
  • Process where a metal is connected to a more reactive metal in order to increase corrosion resistance. As the metal to be protected is oxidised, the more reactive metal donates electrons to it. The metal to be protected does not corrode, as it is oxidised and reduced at the same rate
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11
Q

Galvanising

A

Applying a thin layer of zinc to a surface of iron or steel for sacrificial protection to take place

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12
Q

Alloy

A

A mix of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal

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13
Q

Why does alloying make a metal stronger?

A

Mixing metal atoms of different sizes distorts the regular lattice structure, making it harder for layers to move past each other, making the metal stronger

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14
Q

Mild steel uses, properties and elements

A

Car body parts, malleable and ductile, carbon and iron

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15
Q

Tool steel uses, properties and elements

A

Drill bits, hard and high melting point, tungsten, molybdenum and iron

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16
Q

Stainless steel uses, properties and elements

A

Appliances and work surfaces, hard and rust resistant, chromium and iron

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17
Q

Aluminium vs magnalium (magnesium and aluminium alloy)

A

Magnalium has a slightly higher density but is stronger. Used to make aircraft parts.

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18
Q

Aluminium properties (5)

A
  • corrosion resistant, good conductor, cheap, strong, low density
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19
Q

Copper vs brass (2)

A

Cooper is a better conductor, so used in electrical wiring. Brass is stronger, so used for pins in electrical plugs.

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20
Q

Gold vs gold copper alloy

A

Gold-copper alloy is stronger while still shiny and quite unreactive

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21
Q

chemical cells

A

Cells contain chemicals which react to produce electricity

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22
Q

Fuel cells

A

an electrochemical cell that uses replenishable substances such as hydrogen or oxygen or water to produce electricity

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23
Q

Fuel cells vs chemical cells

A

Chemical cells ‘go flat’ when one reactant is used up. Fuel cells produce a voltage continuously as long as they have a fuel and oxygen.

24
Q

Simple chemical cell

A
  • two different metals, each dipped into a solution of one of their salts. A salt bridge made from a saturated solution, usually potassium nitrate to allow ions to pass between
25
Q

Further apart the metals are in reactivity series…

A

The greater the voltage generated

26
Q

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell equation

A

2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(l)

27
Q

Hydrogen oxygen cell reduction equation

A

O2 + 2H2O + 4e -> 4OH-

28
Q

Hydrogen oxygen fuel cell oxidation equation

A

2H2 + 4OH- -> 4H2O + 4e

29
Q

Fuel cell advantages (4)

A
  • quiet, low maintenance (no moving parts), fairly compact, waste water produced can be used for drinking/other purposes
30
Q

Fuel cells disadvantages (4)

A
  • not as popular (so less infrastructure), hydrogen supply needed, more expensive, manufacture of hydrogen produces CO2
31
Q

Percentage yield

A

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

32
Q

Compromise temperature

A

One that produces a good yield at a reasonable rate (lowering temperature drastically slows reaction)

33
Q

Compromise pressure

A

One that produces a good yield at reasonable cost (maintaining high pressures is expensive and dangerous)

34
Q

Reason for catalysts in industrial reactions

A

Increase the rate, so make up for compromise temperatures. Help achieve acceptable yields in an acceptable time.

35
Q

Three common fertilisers (3)

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

36
Q

Equation to make ammonium nitrate

A

NH3 + HNO3 -> NH4NO3

37
Q

Equation to make nitric acid

A

NH3 + O2 -> HNO3 + H2O

38
Q

Equation to make ammonium suofate

A

2NH3 + H2SO4 -> (NH4)2SO4

39
Q

Lab prep scale, ingredients, stages, type of process

A

Small, dilute solutions, few, batch

40
Q

Industry prep scale, ingredients, stages, type of process

A

Large, raw materials, lots, continuous

41
Q

Atom economy equation

A

Mr of desired product/Mr of all products x100

42
Q

Atom economy manufacture of ethanol

A

Much better for reaction of ethene with steam because only one product formed, worse for fermentation because CO2 is a byproduct

43
Q

What does it mean if a reaction has a high percentage yield but a low atom economy?

A

Lots of waste by products formed

44
Q

Is it better to reduce waste produced or treat it later

A

Reduce waste

45
Q

How to improve atom economy

A

Find uses for by products

46
Q

Factors for reaction pathways (4)

A
  • energy consumption, rate of reaction, availability/cost of raw materials, conditions for equilibrium
47
Q

Raw materials, temp, pressure, catalyst, speed and purity for fermentation

A

Carbohydrates, 30-40 C, atmosphere, enzymes in yeast, slow, impure

48
Q

Raw materials, temp, pressure, catalyst, speed and purity for ethene + steam reaction

A

Ethen from crude oil, 300C, 60-70 ATM, concentrated phosphoric acid, fast, pure

49
Q

Concentration in gd-3

A

Mass (g)/volume (dm3)

50
Q

Concentration in moldm-3

A

Moles / volume (dm3)

51
Q

How to convert concentration in gdm-3 to moldm-3

A

Divide by RFM of solute (because mol = mass/mr)

52
Q

Avogadro’s law

A

If temp and pressure are constant, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules

53
Q

Molar gas volume

A

The volume per mole of gas molecules at a standard temperature and pressure

54
Q

Molar gas volume at RTP

A

24dm3

55
Q

Moles of gas equation

A

Volume(dm3)/24

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher (11 decks)

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