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BISC 221 > Topic 5: The Immune System > Flashcards

Topic 5: The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three strategies for defending against foreign organisms and molecules or cancer cells? (3)

A
  1. physical and chemical surface barriers
  2. internal cellular and chemical defenses
  3. immune response
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2
Q

What is the function of physical and chemical surface barriers?

A

nonspecific; keep foreign organisms or molecules out

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3
Q

What is the function of the internal cellular and chemical defenses?

A

nonspecific; attack any foreign organism or molecule that gets past the surface barriers

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4
Q

What is the function of immune response?

A

specific; destroy specific targets and remember them

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5
Q

What are the general functions of immunity? (3)

A
  1. defends against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, etc
  2. destroys and recycle worn-out cells (e.g., erythrocytes)
  3. identifies and destroys abnormal (cancer) cells
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6
Q

When doesn’t immunity work? (3)

A
  1. allergies - hypersensitive reaction to an allergen
  2. autoimmune diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus type 1)
  3. limits tissue/organ transplants
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7
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A
  1. innate
  2. acquired
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8
Q

How is innate immunity classified?

A
  1. non-specific
  2. inherited
  3. rapid
    4, no rapid
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9
Q

How is acquired immunity classified?

A
  1. specific
  2. adaptive
  3. slower
  4. memory
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10
Q

What are our first line of defenses (nonspecific defense mechanisms)?

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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11
Q

What are our second line of defenses (nonspecific defense mechanisms)?

A
  1. phagocytic white blood cells
  2. antimicrobial proteins
  3. inflammatory response
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12
Q

What are our third line of defenses (specific defense mechanisms)?

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. antibodies
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13
Q

What is the function of tears? (2)

A
  1. wash away irritating substances and microbes
  2. lysozymes kill many bacteria
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14
Q

What is the function of skin (3)?

A
  1. provides a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes
  2. acidic pH discourages the growth of organisms
  3. sweat and oil gland secretions kill many bacteria
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15
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check

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16
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth

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17
Q

What is the function of the respiratory tract? (2)

A
  1. mucus traps organisms
  2. cilia sweep away trapped organisms
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18
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

acid kills organisms

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19
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

urine washes microbes from urethra

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20
Q

What is the function of phagocytes (WBCs)?

A

engulfs pathogens

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21
Q

What are the types of phagocytes?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells
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22
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

circulate in the blood looking for pathogens

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23
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

reside inside organs and tissues (e.g. spleen)

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24
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

stimulate development of adaptive immunity

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25
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

slow viral reproduction

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26
Q

What is the function of small antimicrobial proteins? (2)

A
  1. attract macrophages and natural killer cells that destroy infected cells
  2. stimulate neighboring cells to make proteins that prevent the viruses from replicating
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27
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. pseudopodia surround pathogens
  2. pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis
  3. vacuole forms
  4. vacuole and lysosome fuse
  5. pathogens destroyed
  6. debris from pathogens released
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28
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A

destroys invaders and helps repair and restore damaged tissue

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation? (4)

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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30
Q

What happens during redness?

A
  1. mast cells release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate
  2. blood flow to the area increases, delivering defensive cells and removing dead cells and toxins
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31
Q

What happens during heat?

A
  1. temperature rises as a result of increased blood flow
  2. speeds healing and activities of defensive cells
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32
Q

What happens during swelling?

A
  1. histamine causes capillaries to become leaky, and fluid seeps into tissues
  2. fluid brings clotting factors, oxygen, and nutrients
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33
Q

What causes pain?

A

excess fluid, limits movement aiding in healing

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34
Q

What is the process of the complement system?

A
  1. activated complement proteins form holes in the cell wall and membrane of the bacterium
  2. the bacterium can no longer maintain a constant internal environment. water enters the cell
  3. the bacterium bursts
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35
Q

What is the process of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. histamines and cytokines released. capillaries dilate
  2. antimicrobial peptides enter tissue. Neutrophils are recruited
  3. Neutrophils digest pathogens and cell debris. Tissue heals
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36
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

a system of vessels containing a clear fluid, called lymph, and various tissues and organs located throughout the body

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37
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

microscopic, blind-ended tubules through which surplus tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system to be returned to the blood stream

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38
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

swellings collected by lymphs at various locations

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39
Q

Where do cells of the adaptive immune system locate?

A

in the lymph nodes

40
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B lymphocytes (B cells)
  2. T lymphocytes (T cells)
41
Q

Where do B lymphocytes form?

A

form and mature in bone marrow

42
Q

Where do T lymphocytes form?

A

form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland

43
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

programmed to recognize one particular type of antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response)

44
Q

Where does specificity result from?

A

each cell developing its own particular receptors on its surface

45
Q

What are two types of cells lines?

A
  1. effector cells
  2. memory cells
46
Q

What are effector cells?

A

short-lived cells that attack the invader

47
Q

What are memory cells?

A

long-lived cells that remember the invader and mount a quick response when that invader is next encountered

48
Q

What are the 8 steps in the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. threat
  2. detection
  3. alert
  4. alarm
  5. building specific defenses (clonal selection)
  6. defense
  7. continued surveillance
  8. withdrawal of forces
49
Q

What happens during threat?

A

foreign cell or molecule enters the body

50
Q

What happens during detection?

A

macrophage detects foreign cell or molecule and engulfs it

51
Q

What happens during alert?

A
  1. macrophage puts antigen from the pathogen on its surface and finds the helper T cell with correct receptors for that antigen
  2. macrophage presents antigen to the helper T cell
  3. macrophage alerts the helper T cell that there is an invader that “looks like” the antigen
  4. macrophage activates the helper T cell
52
Q

What happens during alarm?

A

helper T cell activates both lines of defenses to fight that specific region

53
Q

What happens during building specific defenses?

A
  1. antibody-mediated defense: B cells are activated and divide to form plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to the antigen
  2. cell-mediated defense: T cells divide to form cytotoxic T cells that attack cells with the specific antigen
54
Q

What happens during defense?

A
  1. antibody-mediate defense: antibodies specific to the antigen eliminate the antigen
  2. cell-mediated defense: cytotoxic T cells cause cells with the antigen to burst
55
Q

What happens during continued surveillance?

A

memory cells formed when helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells were activated remain to provide swift response if the antigen is detected again

56
Q

What happens during withdrawal of forces?

A

once the antigen has been destroyed, suppressor T cells shut down the immune response to that antigen

57
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

an antigen-presenting cell (APC) that recognizes a specific helper T cell

58
Q

What type of immune response involves B cells?

A

antibody-mediated immune response

59
Q

What is clonal selection?

A
  1. the process by which an adaptive immune response to a specific antigen becomes amplified
  2. a particular lymphocyte is stimulated to divide and produces a clone of millions of identical cell able to recognize the same antigen
60
Q

What type of immune response involves T cells?

A

cell-mediated immune response

61
Q

What do effector cytotoxic T cell release?

A

perforins

62
Q

What is the function of perforins?

A

cause holes to form in the target cell membrane, cell disintegrates and dies

63
Q

What are the cells involved in the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. macrophage. dendritic cell, or B cell
  2. T Cells Helper T cell
  3. Cytotoxic T cell (effector T cell)
  4. Suppressor T cell
  5. B Cells
  6. Plasma cell
  7. Memory cells
64
Q

What is the function of macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell?

A

an antigen-presenting cell:
1. engulfs and digests pathogen or invader
2. places a piece of digested antigen on its plasma membrane
3. presents the antigen to a helper T cell
4. activates the helper T cell

65
Q

What is the function of T cells Helper T cell?

A

the “on” switch for both lines of immune response
1. helper T cells activate B cells and T cells

66
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T cell effector T cell?

A

responsible for cell-mediated immune responses
1. destroys the cellular targets, such as infected body cells, bacteria, and cancer cells

67
Q

What is the function of Suppressor T cell?

A

the “off” switch for both lines of immune responses
1. suppresses the activity of the B cells and T cells after the foreign cell or molecule has been successfully destroyed

68
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

involved in anti-body mediated responses
1. when activated by helper T cells, the B cell divides to form plasma cells’ and memory cells

69
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

effector in antibody-mediated response
1. secretes antibodies specific to extracellular antigens, such as toxins, bacteria, and free viruses

70
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

responsible for memory of immune system
1. generated by B cells or any type of T cell during an immune response
2. enable quick and efficient response on subsequent exposures of the antigen
3. may live for years

71
Q

What is responsible for long-term protections against diseases?

A

immunological memory

72
Q

What represents the primary immune response?

A

first exposure to a specific antigen, a clone of lymphocytes is formed

73
Q

What represents the secondary immune response?

A

memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response from a reservoir of T and B memory cells

74
Q

What are antigens?

A

substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

75
Q

How do T and B cells bind to antigens?

A

via antigen receptors specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

76
Q

What happens when a B cell antigen receptor binds to an antigen?

A

gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the protein called an antibody or immunoglobulin (lg)

77
Q

What is the difference between antibodies and B cell antigen receptors?

A
  1. have the same Y shape as B cell antigen receptors but are secreted, not membrane bound
78
Q

What are antibodies specific for?

A

particular epitopes of molecules

79
Q

Where are antigen fragments located (T cells bind)?

A

cell-surface proteins called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

80
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex molecules?

A

host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

81
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

in infected cells, MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface; a T cell can bind to the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule

82
Q

What happens during clonal selection?

A

activated B or T cells undergo multiple cell divisions to produce a clone of identical cells

83
Q

What type of cells do B or T cells in the clone become?

A

effector cells that act immediately against the antigen

84
Q

What is another name for effector cells?

A

plasma cells; secrete antibodies

85
Q

at happens to the remaining cells in the clone?

A
86
Q

What happens to the remaining cells in the clone?

A

become long-lived memory cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

87
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A
  1. do not kill pathogens
  2. mark pathogens for inactivation or destruction
  3. in neutralization, antibodies bind to viral surface proteins, preventing infection of a host cell
88
Q

What happens in neutralization?

A

the blocking of ability of virus to bind to a host cell

89
Q

What happens in opsonization?

A

antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria triggering phagocytosis

90
Q

What are four ways binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens?

A
  1. neutralization & opsonization (coating)
  2. agglutination
  3. precipitation
    leads to phagocytosis
  4. complement activation
    leads to cell lysis
91
Q

What are the two defenses provided by B and T lymphocytes divided into?

A
  1. humoral immune response
  2. cell-mediate immune response
92
Q

What happens in humoral immune response?

A

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

93
Q

What happens in cell-mediate immune response?

A

cytotoxic T cells destroy affected host cells

94
Q

What happens in cell-mediate immune response?

A

cytotoxic T cells destroy affected host cells

95
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells produce?

A
  1. recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells
  2. secrete perforins and granzymes that disrupt the membranes of target cells and trigger apoptosis
96
Q

What is the function of a helper T cell?

A

activates both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

97
Q

How are helper T cells activated?

A

the presentation of an antigen displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell

BISC 221 (10 decks)

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