Topic 5: Why Sharks attack? Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What negative event tends to happen after a human is “attacked”(encountered) by a shark?
A
- a culling of sharks
2
Q
Why is calling it shark attack potentially bad? Alternative?
A
- because it places a negative stigma on sharks
- shark encounter ?
L> incident ?
3
Q
Media Impacts:
- The effect media (news, movies etc) has on the population’s view of shark attacks has generally been?
A
-negative
4
Q
Media Impacts:
- ____ theory and the effects of _____ syndrome explains how the media does what?
A
- cultivation
- mean world
- how the media affects a [erson’s view of the world
5
Q
Media Impacts:
- Cultivation Theory ?
A
- is a social theory which examines the long term effects of television
6
Q
Media Impacts:
- Cultivation Theory: The primary proposition of the cultivation theory states??
A
- that the more time people spend living in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television
7
Q
Media Impacts:
- Cultivation Theory
L> cultivation leaves people with?
A
- a misconception of what is true in our world
8
Q
Media Impacts:
- Mean world syndrome?
A
- a term coined by George Gerbner to describe a phenomenon whereby violence related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is.
- mean world syndrome is one of the main conclusions of cultivation theory.
ex: think of the african killer bee’s…mass hysteria
- mean world syndrome is one of the main conclusions of cultivation theory.
9
Q
ISAF stands for what?
A
- The International Shark Attack Files
10
Q
The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):
- It is the longest running database on?
A
- shark attacks, has a long term scientifically documented database containing information on all known shark attacks and is the only globally comprehensive, scientific shark attack database in the world.
- **all the diagrams in this topic are from it!
11
Q
The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):
- World wide about __-___ shark attacks annually. Most recent was on ____ in ____. Results in about _-__ deaths.
A
- 70 to 100
- Feb. 2014, Austrailia
- 5-15 deaths (most attacks are done by small sharks)
12
Q
The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):
- Are all attacks reported?
A
- nope
L> tourism reasons…
13
Q
The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):
- Are attacks increasing?
A
- attacks going up each decade
L> more people in the water may be why! (more recreational)
14
Q
Unprovoked shark attack trends worldwide(N=2238): Y= number of attacks, X= decade.
L> explain the graph
A
- attacks are going up over time.. as stated are there more people in the water or just more reporting going on?
- *more people traveling
- increased recreational water based activities
- larger populations
- *1900s-2000s
15
Q
Worldwide unprovoked shark attacks and rate of fatality 1900-2009: Y= number of unprovoked shark attacks, percent fatal
X= decade
- Explain it!
A
- while increased incidents, fatalities decreased
- probably due to better medical aid over time
- reflective of how many sharks we have culled
L> aka not as many sharks left in the water as there use to be!
16
Q
Unprovoked shark attacks in the world and USA 1960-2013 (N=2074):
- Y=number of attacks
- X= time…1960-2013 (USA attacks vs Other countries)
- *Explain it!
A
- Australia and South America and other countries are higher than the USA in attacks
- ** in general attacks have increased in all countries over time.
- ** might be due to the fact that popularity of water activity has increased!
17
Q
Australia Graph(N=412): x= years (1900-2009) y=number of attacks 0-140 - explain it! ( population, all attacks, fatalities)
A
- population has been increasing over time (linear)
- attacks have increased overtime
- fatalities have fluctuated over time but in general they have remained low/decreased
- big increase in number of attacks …especially surfing in seal zones
18
Q
Florida Graph(N= 609): x= years (1900-2009) y= number of attacks (0-300) - explain it! (population, all attacks, fatalities)
A
- shark attacks remained extremely low until 1950-59 where they started to increase
- fatalities have remained extremely low
- population has been increasing!
- *more ppl in water than beach….
19
Q
Hawaii (N=97) : x= years (1900-2009) y= number of attacks (0-40)
- explain it! (population, all attacks, fatalities)
A
- all attacks did not really begin to increase until 1950-59 and continued over time.
- population increased over time!
- fatalities increased in 1950-59 but stopped….
L> increased again in 1990-99 but decreased in 2000-2009.
** tiger sharks mostly….same low attacks
20
Q
Attacks can be categories into two areas which are what?
A
- Provoked (Ex: grabbing their tail..holding on to it when it is trying to get away…trying to take a hook out)
- Unprovoked (basically no idea why the shark attacked…dominance?….may not be unprovoked in the sharks mind)
L> however, there may have been a reason, just unknown
21
Q
Increase in shark attacks is based on ?
A
population growth
22
Q
Explain what a provoked attack is?
A
- human initiates contact ( 53 incidents in 2013)
* *multiple causes
23
Q
What are the three major types of unprovoked (natural environment without provocation) shark attacks?
A
- Hit and run
- Bump and bite
- Sneak
* * usually fatalities are due to hit and run or sneak attacks!
24
Q
Hit and Run attacks:
- Occur where?
- Do people usually see the shark?
- Does the shark return after the attack?
- What are reasons for mistaken identity?
A
- in surf zone ( swimmers, surfers)
- seldom see the shark (visibility is usually an issue)
- shark does not return
- Mistaken Identity:
L> poor visibility
L> breaking surf
L> social behaviours by sharks ( dominance)
L>contrasting colours sharks can pick up
**big issue in Florida!
25
Bump and Bite/Sneak:
- whats the injury state?
- who tends to be of greater risk?
- bump and bite usually has sharks ___ and ___ prior to attack
- Sneak occurs without??
- What is extremely common with these types of attacks vs Hit and run?
- This could be a form of ___ or ___ behaviour.
- tend to involve bigger or smaller sharks?
- greater injury and most fatalities
- divers or swimmers in deeper water
- bump and bite usually has shark circling and bumping prior to attack
- sneak occurs without warning
- repeated attacks not uncommon
L> focuses on the initial individual but not the others that are around it or trying to help! Tunnel vision sort of! **full feeding behaviour**
- feeding or antagonistic behaviour
**tend to involve bigger sharks
26
Positive identification of attacking sharks is very difficult or easy?
- very difficult since victims rarely make adequate observations of the attacker during the "heat" of the interaction.
** when being attacked the last thing on your mind is what is attacking you! It's am I going to die...
L> after the fact people have a desire to know!
27
Tooth remains are seldom or frequently found in wounds?
- they are seldom found in wounds!
- and diagnostic characters for man requiem sharks ( family Carcharhinidae) are difficult to discern even by trained professionals.
* * all seem fairly similar!
* * small wounds = small spa or juvenile shark!
28
What are the big three sharks that are responsible for Bump and Bite/Sneak attacks?
- white, tiger shark and bull shark!
29
What are the rest of the sharks that are responsible for Bump and Bite/Sneak attacks?
- Great hammerhead
- shortfin mako
- oceanic whitetip
- caribbean reef
- galapagos
**fairly big sharks are veracious
** Caribbean reef shark you would have to provoke it or something must be wrong with it to attack...they circle and as it gets tiger it is closing in on you!
L> also if it is hooting at you fast= loo out
30
What are the main sharks involved in hit and run attacks?
| L> attacks in florida?
- Blacktip
- Spinner
- Blacknose
* * a lot of sharks get blamed for these like hammerheads...
- based on 20-30 attacks in florida each year
31
Hit and Run:
- A number of ___ sharks in the genus _____ likely are involved in many more attacks than they are credited in this list and, if the list could reflect that reality, ___ bites would push such species as the ___, ___ and ___ towards the bottom of the list.
- Requiem
- Carcharhinus
- Carcharhinus
- sandtiger
- hammerhead
- nurse shark
32
Rank countries in order of most attacks!
- Continental USA (1055)
- Australia (520)
- Africa (339)
- Asia and Hawaii (129)
- Pacifica Islands and Oceanic (126)
- South America (117)
- Antillas and Bahamas (70)
- Middle America (57)
- Europe and New Zealand (49)
- Reunion Island (33)
33
Where in the US are the most attacks?
Florida and Hawaii !
| L> California and SA are next on the list
34
```
Graph: Victim's Activity During Unprovoked Shark Attacks Worldwide 1900-2009 (N= 1826)
- y= number of attacks
- x=decade
L> Explain the graph!
activity: Surface recreationists
swimmers and bathers
divers
entering or existing water
```
- from 1900 to 1950-1959 swimmers and bathers were attacked in higher numbers BUT it continued to increase and was the second highest in attacks of the rest here.
- 1960-2009 = huge increase in surface recreationists activity getting attacked
- divers being attacked fluctuate from 1950-2009 but not in a high number at all
- entering or exiting the water and being attacked the numbers are extremely low (highest at 2000-2009)
35
Graph: Shark Attacks on Surface Recreationists Worldwide 1900-2009 (N=807)
- y= number of attacks
- decades
```
- attacks increased over time
2000-2009 = highest numbers: 318 attacks
- 1990-1999: 217
- 1980-1989: 126
- 1970-1979: 46
- 1960-1969: 31
- 1950-1959: 8
- 1940-1949: 3
- 1930-1939: 0
- 1920-1929: 1
- 1910-1919: 3
- 1900-1909: 0
**indicates more people surfing etc...
```
36
Shark attacks on Divers Worldwide 1900-2009(N= 164)
- y= number of attacks
- x= decades
* *explain it
- fluctuated over time but in general it has increased!
| - 2000-2009 = highest number of attacks (53)
37
Shark Attacks on swimmers and bathers worldwide 1900-2009 (N=795):
- y=number of attacks
- x= decade
- explain it
- general increase over time in attacks minus a decline that is seen in 1970-89 period
- 2000-2009 = highest attacks! 183
38
Shark Attacks on victim upon entering or exiting the water 1900-2009(N=60):
- y= number of attacks
- x= decade
explain??
- it fluctuates over time
- highest attacks = 11 in 2000-2009
L> general decline prior to this point
-1950-59 = second highest for attacks at 10
-L> general increase up to this period
39
Florida Shark Attacks:
- ___ total attacks
- ___ fatal, last fatality was in ___.
- What area has the highest risk of attack?
- 687
- 11
- 2011
- Volusia (257 attacks)
40
Florida Shark attack by months
| L> what month had the most attacks?
- september (103)
- August (84)
- July (73)
- October (72)
- April (62)
- June (61)
-November (44)
-March (41)
- February (14)
- December (11)
- January (5)
**highest number of attacks are during warmer months...
L> increased number of young sharks
41
Florida Shark attacks:
- Time of unprovoked shark attacks in florid 1926-2012 (N=493)
- y= number of attacks
- x= time of day
* Explain the graph!
- highest number of attacks are in the 11am-6pm range (greatest risk
42
Florida Shark Attacks:
- Victim activity during unprovoked shark attacks in florida by decade (N=590)
- y= number of attacks
- x= decade (1900-2009)
L> activities: surface recreationist, swimmers and waders, divers and entering or exiting water.
**explain graph
- sharks are attacking people more when they are participating in surface recreationist activity (highest in 2000-2009)
- Swimmers and waders= second highest at risk
- divers and people entering or existing water are least at risk!
* *two main ones increased over time ...the others fluctuated at low numbers!
* * entering or exiting water= highest risk level for it is right now 2000-2009.....highest risk for divers was in 1960-69
43
Florida Shark Attacks:
- Species involved with unprovoked shark attacks in florida (1920-2012) (N=97)
- Explain the pie chart!
Blacktip+bull shark>spinner shark> hammerhead> Nurse shark> Sand tiger> Sand bar shark+ lemon shark + tiger shark> blue shark> mako shark
44
California Attacks:
- __attacks, __ fatalities, last one in ___.
- ___ has the highest risk with _ attacks and _ fatalities.
- 110
- 10
- 2012
- San Diego
- 17
- 2
45
California:
- California Shark attacks by month 1926-2012 (N= 103)
- y= number of attacks
- x= month
- Rank months highest to lowest risk
- October = highest risk month
- september
- august
- july
- May + November
- December + June
- January + February
- March
46
California:
- Time of unprovoked shark attacks in California 1926-2012 (N=79)
- y= number of attacks
- x= time of day
- a lull in the peak seen in florida! (surfers)
- highest risk time= 10:00am- 10:59am and 4-4:49pm
- 12-12:59pm= second highest risk
- waves are usually big early morning....
47
California:
| - Species involved with unprovoked shark attacks in California 1950-2012 (N=82)??
- White sharks = 97%
- Blue shark (1%)
- Leopard shark (1%)
- Mako(1%)
48
California:
- Victim activity during unprovoked shark attacks in California by decade 1920-2009 (N=94):
- y=number of attacks
- x= decade
- surface recreationist > swimmers and waders> divers> entering or exiting water
* * risk rank!
- highest level of risk - surface recreationist in 2000-2009
* ** divers increased over time up to 1999
* ** swimmers and waders fluctuated over time ( highest in 1959
49
Great White Shark Attacks:
| -how many known great white shark attacks?
- 7
L> not including attacks that they are not sure what the culprit is.
-** the number could be higher because they are unsure if the bites were done post-mortem or pre...was it the shark that killed them?
50
Great White Shark Attacks:
| = The rise in attacks relates to?
- increased in grey seal population!
* * the number could be higher because they are unsure if the bites were done post-mortem or pre...was it the shark that killed them?
51
White Shark Attacks:
- Unprovoked White Shark Attacks and percent fatal 1900-2009 (N= 248)
- y= number of attacks and percent fatal
- x= decade
* explain graph
- attacks increased over time... peaking at 65 in 2000-2009
- percent fatality has decreased over time quite dramatically
L> it rised from 1910-1929 and plateaued until 1939
52
White Shark Attacks:
| - Age of white shark victims 1876-2012 (N=228)
- 43%= 20's (surfers etc) highest risk
- 23%= 10's highest risk
- 18%= 30's highest risk
- 11%= 40's
-4%= 50's
1%= 60's and 70's
53
White Shark Attacks:
| - Gender of White shark attack victims 1879-2012 (N= 270)
- 93%= male
- 7%= female
* *most surfers= males....
54
White Shark Attacks:
| - Length of white sharks involved in unprovoked attacks 1580-2012(N=198)
- 48%= 10-14.9ft
- 24%= 5-9.9ft
- 23%= 15-19.9ft
- 4%= 20-24.9ft
- 1%= 0-4.9ft
* ** 10-14ft long= not very old sharks are involved in attack...middle of transition from feeding on fish to marine mammals (exploratory?)
55
White Shark Attacks:
| -Race of white shark attack victims 1879-2012(N=207)
- 77%= caucasian (surfing culture/water sports)
- 18% = other/unknown
- 2% each for oriental and negroid
- 1%= polynesian
* *these are only reported attacks...what about unreported ones!
56
White Shark Attacks:
- Time of unprovoked white shark attacks 1916-2012 (N=200)
- x= time of day
- y= number of attacks
- explain
- early morning = increase until lunch
-why is there a dip around lunch?
L> population in water is higher in afternoon
***6-7pm = vision decreases because of visibility...risk of mistaken identity
** 2-4pm = highest attacks
57
White Shark Attacks:
| - Water temperature during unprovoked white shark attacks 1922-2012 (N=63)
- highest attacks = 15-19.9 C
- 20-24.9 C
- 10-14.9 C
- 25-29.9C
- 5-9.9 C
* **based on human preference??? wait until water is warmer to go swimming....white sharks do not really like higher temperatures therefore attacks tend to happen in cooler water!
58
White Shark Attacks:
| - Unprovoked white shake attack depths 1907-2012 (N= 240)
- highest risk = 0-5 ft --> basically they are following the wave in....BUT it is easier for people to get to shore...so this could be good for victims?
* * the rest are extremely low!
- 6-10
- 11-20
- 31-40
- 21-30
59
Profile of Attacks on Divers:
- __ attacks
- ___ leads with __%, ___ with __%
- 218
- Australia
- 32%
- US
- 24%
* *underwater activity......recreation diving makes ups huge part of diving!
60
Profile of Attacks on Divers:
| -Outcome of unprovoked shark attacks on divers 1802-2012
- 81%: non-fatal
| - 19%: fatal
61
Profile of Attacks on Divers:
| - Diving activity of unprovoked shark attack victims 1802-2012
- SCUBA diving: 41%
- Diving ( no details): 27%
- Free Diving: 25%
- Hookah diving: 3%
- Pearl diving: 2%
- Hard hat diving: 2%
- spearfishing 1%
62
Unprovoked shark attacks on divers and percent fatal 1900-2009 (N=197)
x= decade
y= number of attacks and percent fatal
-highest risk was in 1960s
- 2nd: 1990s
- 3rd: 2000s
-4th: 1980s
-5th:1970s
-6th: 1950s
- 7th: 1920s
-8th: 1900s
- 9th: 1940s
- 10th: 1910s
** fatalities spiked in 1920 (highest)
L> decreased until 1980...but then it spiked a bit (not as high as before) and then it decreased quite a bit
** could be due to better medical procedures
63
Gender of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks prior to 1990 (N=124)
- males 99%
| - females 1%
64
Gender of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1990-2012 (N=80)
- 90% male
| - 10% female
65
```
Attacks on divers:
- Activities of others in the area of unprovoked attacks on divers 1820-2012 (N= 125 of at least one of the activities going on; individuals may be represented in more than one category)
Attack numbers for these activities:
L> Diving
L> Normal bathing/swimming
L> Wading
L> Surfing
L> Boating
L> being unusually loud
L> Thrashing or flailing
```
- 99
- 11
- 7
- 4
- 3
- 1
- 1
- 1
* *diving has the highest risk of attack vs anything else
66
Attacks on divers:
| - Divers' time in water prior to unprovoked shark attacks 1938-2012 (N=45)
- 40%: less than one hour
- 36%: within a couple of minutes
- 13%: within 15 mins
- 9%: over an hour
- 2%: immediately upon entry
* * the way we swim is the same vibrations as an injured fish..gives off....dinner bell ring ring ring
67
Activities of divers struck less than an hour after entering water 1938-2012(N=42)
- SCUBA Diving
- Diving (no details)
- Free diving
- Hookah diving
- pearl diving
- spearfishing
- 57%
- 7%
- 26%
- 5%
- 3%
- 2%
68
Activities of divers struck more than an hour after entering water 1966-2012(N=4)??
- SCUBA diving
- Free diving
- 75%
| - 25%
69
Time of unprovoked shark attacks on divers 1936-2012(N=109)
- y= number of attacks
- time (24 hour clock)
- most attacks occur in the morning
- then afternoon and evening are tied
* **morning group: highest risk ...sharks vision decreases as the sun goes
70
Unprovoked shark attacks on divers by day of the week 1925-2012(N=153)
- most attacks are on sunday
- saturday
- Wednesday and Thursday
- Monday
- Tuesday
- Friday
71
Divers' clothing during unprovoked shark attacks (N=37) ?
- Full wet suit: 68%
- Swim suit: 27%
- Shorty wetsuit : 5%
72
Special features of divers' coshing during unprovoked shark attacks (N=47)
- non-reported 36%
- highly contrasting colours : 30%
- shiny patterns: 17%
- very bright colours : 13%
- other : 4%
73
Clothing pattern worn by divers during unprovoked shark attacks (N=45)
- no pattern : 80%
= striped: 11%
- other pattern: 9%
74
Primary colours worn by divers during unprovoked shark attacks (N=67)
- 64%: black/grey/slate
- 16%: blue/aqua/turquoise
- 6%: white/silver/ talc
- 5%: red/pink/rose/magenta/coral/ maroon
- 3%: brown/tan/buff/rust/sienna/cocoa/beige
- 4%: green/olive/teal/lime/avocado
- 2%: yellow/gold/khaki/lemon
75
People near shark attacks on divers (N=139)
- y= number of attacks
- x: <10ft(none, one, more than one), 10-50ft (none, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20 and several) and general area(yes or no)..
```
-none= highest number of attacks
L> one: second highest
L> more than one: third
- 10-50ft:
L> none: highest
L> 1-5: 2nd
L> 6-10, 16-20, several: tied for third
L> 11-15: none
- General area:
L> Yes: highest number of attacks when people are in the general area
L> no: second highest
**what were people doing in the area around the divers?....do not swim alone!!! isolation= highest risk...shallow waters
```
76
Non-human presence in vicinity of shark attacks on divers (N=144, cases may be represented in more than one category)
L> y= number of attacks
L> x= item or animal (absent or present)
- boats are present the most
- pets are absent the most
- seals are absent the second most
- surfboards are absent the third most
- porpoise are absent the fourth most
- fish (half present and half absent?)
77
Possible attractants in vicinity of shark attacks on divers (N=205, cases may be represented in more than one category)
y= number of attacks
x= attractant
- wounded fish(3rd highest attacks when absent(highest when present))
- garbage (2nd highest attacks when absent)
- sewage (fourth highest when absent)
- victims blood(fifth highest when absent)
- other human blood (highest attacks when absent...)
78
Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
- struck(n=32)<--most effective
* *see graph honestly this is confusing
* * does not explain the data well
79
Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
- hitting the shark is?
- the most effective at scaring off it but depends on species, intent or size.
80
Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
- kicking only works with?
- with smaller sharks
81
Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
-How do you tackle an it via aggression?
- hold your ground...a lot of the time the shark veers away.
82
Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
-Other??
- got out of the water......
* * go to the bottom and stay there with your back to the reef! (ambush predator therefore can't really effectively attack)
83
Age of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1929-2012 (N=123)
x= age
y= number of victims
- highest= 25-29 and 30-34
- 35-39
- 20-24
- 15-19
- 40-44
- 45-49
- 10-14
- 55-59
- 60-64 and 55-59
84
Weight of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1954-2012(N=24)
x= weight in pounds
-y= number of attacks
- 160-179pounds= highest attacks
- 140-159= second
- 100-119
- <100, 120-139, 180-199
- 200=219: none
* * larger people tend not to be attacked? maybe not in the water a lot...
* *most divers weight about 140-179 pounds !
85
Height of divers involved in unprovoked shake attacks 1962-2012(N=25)??
x= height(inches)
y= number of attacks
- 70-74: highest number of attacks
- 65-69: second
- 50-64= tied for 1 attack each.
86
Divers Body parts injured during shark attacks (N= 224, individuals may be represented in more than one category!)
- Legs: 44%---> lower leg: 45%...thigh: 27%...feet= 24%...toe(s) = 4%
- Arm: 31%--> arm= 56%....hand: 22%...shoulder: 14%...finger(s): 8%)
- Torso: 23%---> abdomen: 27%, buttocks: 21%, chest: 20%; back: 14%; waist and genitals: 9% and 9%
- Head: 2%
87
See surface conditions during shark attacks on divers(N=71)
- calm: 80%(also includes surf! higher risk on good days bc more people are in the water)
- choppy: 11%
- swells: 9%
* * higher vis increases attacks ....warm water temp: more attacks ...bc more people in water but diving and surfing you are out in colder water.
88
Water visibility during shark attacks on drivers (n=46)
- y= percentage of attacks
- x= visibility (ft)
- highest number of attacks: 10-10 ft visibility
- 0-9= second
- 20-29= third
* *main ones the rest are relatively small
89
Water temperature during shark attacks on divers (N-520
- Y= Number of attacks
- X= water temp C
- highest number of attacks were at 21C (most in other regions,2nd= florida, third= Australia)
- second: 18C (most unprovoked....then Australia then florida)
- Third: 26C( main = other region, second: florida, third: Australia)
90
Water clarity during shark attacks on divers (N=87)
- murky: 33%
| - clear: 67%
91
Number of close passes sharks made prior to attacks on divers (N= 67)
- multiple: 46%(giving you lots of warning)
=-single: 26%(assessing)
- none: 28%(full blown attack and no warning)
92
Number of discrete bites sharks inflicted on divers during attack (N=132)
- other: 51%
- none: 31%
- several: 18%
93
Nature of sharks' first strike during attacks on divers (N=136)
- violent: 73%
- no direct contact: 15%
- minimal turmoil : 11%
94
Direction from which sharks attack divers
- Below and front= 28% per each
- behind and side= 20% per each
- above: 4%
95
Sharks behaviour prior to attack on divers (N=115)
- 42%: shark not seen
- 15%: straight away approach to victim
- 13%: seen, but not well enough to evaluate behaviour
- 9%:circling victim
- 8%: swimming erratically
- 7%:swimming normally
- 5%: following victim closely
- 1%: in position between victim and beach , reef etc.
96
Shark behaviour after final strike on diver (N-109)
- 36%: left area
- 31%: not seen at all
- 5%: remained attached, forcibly removed from victim
- 4%:follow victim
- 2%: remained attached, not for removed from victim
97
Shark behaviour after initial strike on diver (N= 119)
- 65%: released initial hold but did not bite victim again.
- 20%: made multiple deliberate strikes
- 9%: released initial hold and quickly bit victim again
- 6%: frenzied behaviour
