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Physiology final exam > Topic 57 - Catabolism and absorption of lipids > Flashcards

Topic 57 - Catabolism and absorption of lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in general about lipids

A
  • Lumen
  • Triglycerides
  • Sterine
  • Sterine-ester
  • Phospholipids
  • Emulsification
    • Bile acids
    • Lecithin
    • Cholesterol
  • Fstty acids
  • 2-monoglycerides
  • Micelle
  • Bile salts
  • Brush border
  • Enterocyte
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Re-esterified
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2
Q

Words to include in lipid catabolism

A
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
    • Lipid emulsification
    • Bile acids
    • Lecithin
    • Cholesterol-ester
    • Lipase digestion
    • Triglycerides
    • Phospholipids
      • Phosphatidylcholine
      • Lecithin
    • Cholesterol ester
    • Foodstuff
    • Bile
    • Epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
    • Bile salts
      • Stable emulsification
      • Amphipathic
  • Large intestine
  • Pancreatic lipase
    • Ester bonds
    • Triglycerides
    • 2 Fatty acids
    • 2-monoglycerides
  • Phospholipase A2
    • Ca2+
    • Co-lipase
  • Cholesterol esterase
    • Cholesterol-ester
    • Triglycerides
    • Ester bonds
  • Bile salts
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3
Q

Words to include in micelle formation

A
  • Micelle
  • Lipid catabolism
    • Bile salts
    • Cholesterl
    • Phospholipids
  • Spherical components
    • Hydrophilic
    • Hydrophobic
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4
Q

Words to include in absorption of lipids

A
  • End of jejunum
  • Free fatty acids
  • Microclimate
  • Charge
  • Neutral
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Cytoplasm
  • Bile salts
  • Micelle
  • Reabsorbed
  • Lipoprotein metabolism
    • Cholesterol
    • Triglycerides
    • Absorbed
    • Lipoprotein
    • Chylomicron
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5
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. General about lipids
  2. Lipid catabolism
    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
    • Pancreatic lipase
    • Phospholipase A2
    • Cholesterol esterase
    • Bile salts
  3. Micelle formation
  4. Absorption of lipids
  5. Lipoprotein metabolism
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6
Q

Location of lipid digestion

A

Occurs only in the lumen

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7
Q

Give the lipids found in food

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Sterine
  • Sterine-ester
  • Phospholipids
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8
Q

Emulsification

A
  • Increases SA
  • Enabled by:
    • Bile acids
    • Lecithin
    • Cholesterol
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9
Q

What does fat digestion results in?

A
  • 2 fatty acids
  • 2-monoglycerides
    • Forms micelles with bile salts → digested product get to the brush border → go trough the fat-soluble membrane → enters enterocyte → smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Fatty acids in SER are re-esterified
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10
Q

Lipid catabolism

Lipid catabolism in the stomach

A

Lipids are emptied from the stomach later than the rest of the gastric content (due to oily phase)

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11
Q

Lipid catabolism

Lipid catabolism in the small intestines

A
  • Lipid emulsification occurs in the small intestines due to:
    • Bile acids
    • Lecithin
    • Cholesterol-ester
  • Lipase digestion occurs at the border of the water-lipid phase
  • Fats in the intestines contains:
    • Triglycerides
    • Phospholipids
    • Cholesterol ester
  • These substances enter the intestinal canal with:
    • Foodstuff
    • Excreted by bile
  • Bile salts are able to keep the digested fat components in a stable emulsion
    • Bile salts are amphipatic
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12
Q

Lipid catabolism

Lipid catabolism in the large intestines

A
  • Lipid content of duodenum inhibits gastric motility
    • Helps digestion and emulsification
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13
Q

Lipid catabolism

Which substances takes part in lipid catabolism

A
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Phospholipase A2
  • Cholesterol esterase
  • Bile salts
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14
Q

Lipid catabolism

Pancreatic lipase

A
  • Water-soluble molecule which can digest lipids at the lipid-water interphase
  • Cleaves ester bonds in 1st and 3rd position of the triglycerides, and results in:
    • 2 fatty acids
    • 2-monoglycerides
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15
Q

Lipid catabolism

Phospholipase A2

A
  • Cleaves phospholipids in presence of:
    • Ca2+
    • Co-lipase
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16
Q

Lipid catabolism

Cholesterol esterase

A
  • Hydrolyses:
    • Cholesterol-ester
    • 2nd bond of triglycerides
    • Ester bonds of other lipids
17
Q

Lipid catabolism

Bile salts

A

Stabilize digested lipid emulsion

18
Q

Micelle formation

A
  • Micelles are formed in a combination from:
    • Substances produced from lipid catabolism
    • Bile salts
    • Cholesterol
    • Phospholipids
  • Spherical components:
    • Hydrophilic part
    • Hydrophobic part
    • Apolar (lipophil) molecules found inside micelle
19
Q

Absorption of lipids

A
  • Terminates in the end of jejunum
  • Free fatty acids protonated at superficial microclimate → charge disappears
  • Neutral molecules diffuse through phospholipid bilayer and absorbed into cell cytoplasm
  • Bile salts at border phase of micelle reabsorbed by specific transport
20
Q

Lipoprotein metabolism

A

When cholesterol and triglycerides are absorbed in the intestines, they form the largest lipoprotein, chylomicron

21
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  • Resynthesized lipids and cholesterol appear in the cell and form chylomicrons, in which apolipoproteins are embedded
    • Makes it possible for blood to transport hydrophobic substances
    • Capillaries can regulate lipid uptake from chylomicrons via their specific receptors
  • On the surface of chylomicrons:
    • C-type apolipoprotein
      • ​Activator of the lipoprotein lipase present in the capillary wall, through which it binds to the endothelial receptor of the capillary and facilitates its activity
    • B-48-type apolipoprotein
      • ​Takes part in the structure and secretion of the chylomicrons
    • E-type apolipoprotein
      • ​Takes part in the binding of chylomicron remains (remnant) to liver-like receptors
  • Chylomicrons are transformed due to the effect of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the capillaries: FFA are released, which are transported by albumin to the target organs (muscle, liver, adipose tissue)
  • Chylomicrons in capillaries are bound with the help of the C-type apolipoprotein
    • ​Disappear from the surface of the chylomicrons after destruction

Figure: lipoprotein metabolism

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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