Topic 6: (LEC&LAB) Ecosystem Ecology

Question 1

The direct and indirect contributions or benefits that could be derived from the ecosystem

Answer 1

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Question 2

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

■ Mangroves forests - regulate impact of waves
■ Forests and oceans - absorb carbon dioxide
■ Trees - provide shade and reduce temperatures

Answer 2

Regulating services

Question 2

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

■ Fungi and bacteria - decompose organic matter to help recycle nutrients, sustaining plant growth and productivity
■ Coral reefs - provide habitat for fishes in the seas

Answer 2

Supporting services

Question 2

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

■ Food source - fruits of trees
■ Herbal medicine - leaves, roots, or flowers of plants

Answer 2

Provisioning services

Question 3

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

■ Orchids-decoration
■ Whale sharks - ecotourism
■ Citrus thorns - used in Northern Philippines tattooing process

Answer 3

Cultural services

Question 4

The percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next

Answer 4

ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY

Question 4

Dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms.

In a food chain/web, chemical energy is stored here and is transferred from one trophic level to another.

Answer 4

Biomass

Question 4

Elements such as carbon and nitrogen are passed between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Answer 4

CHEMICAL CYCLING

Question 5

Both energy and chemicals are transformed in ecosystems through ______________ and ___________

Answer 5

• photosynthesis
• feeding relationships

Question 5

Unlike chemicals, energy cannot be _________

Answer 5

recycled

Question 6

nonliving organic material, such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, and fallen leaves

Answer 6

Detritus

Question 6

Percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is used for growth and reproduction, not respiration

Answer 6

Production efficiency

Question 6

What is Production efficiency formula?

Answer 6

PE = (Net secondary production/ Assimilation of primary production) x 100

Question 7

The amount of energy an organism has consumed and used for growth and reproduction

Answer 7

Net secondary production

Question 8

The total amount of energy an organism has consumed and used for growth, reproduction, and respiration

Answer 8

Assimilation of primary production

Question 9

These species depend mainly on external heat sources, and their body temperature changes with the temperature of the environment

Answer 9

Ectotherms

Question 9

These species use Internally generated heat to maintain body temperature.
Their body temperature tends to stay steady regardless of environment

Answer 9

Endotherms

Question 10

This is the amount of biomass gained through growth and reproduction

Calculated as:
food intake-energy lost through respiration, egestion, and excretion

Answer 10

PRODUCTION

Question 11

Production of new organic matter, or biomass, by autotrophs in an ecosystem per unit area or volume during some period of time

Answer 11

primary production

Question 12

Total primary production by all primary producers in the ecosystem

Answer 12

Gross primary production

Question 12

Gross primary production minus respiration by primary producers

• This is the amount of energy in the form of biomass available to the consumers in an ecosystem

Answer 12

Net primary production

Question 12

Production of biomass by heterotrophic consumer organisms feeding on plants, animals, microbes, fungi, or detritus during some period of time.
- Includes consumer growth, reproduction, and mortality at the population level

Answer 12

secondary production

Question 13

Elements that are required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms

Answer 13

NUTRIENTS

Question 13

The use, transformation, movement, and reuse of nutrients in ecosystems

Answer 13

Nutrient cycling

Question 13

The amount of a particular nutrient stored in a portion, or compartment, of an ecosystem

Answer 13

Nutrient pool

Question 14

A part of the biosphere where a particular nutrient is absorbed faster than it is released - For example: Nutrient settle in bottom sediment as insoluble precipitate

Answer 14

Nutrient sink

Question 15

A portion of the biosphere where a particular nutrient is released faster than it is absorbed - For example: Burning of fossil fuels acts as a source of carbon dioxide to the global ecosystem

Answer 15

Nutrient source

Question 15

It forms part of the ATP, RNA, DNA, and phospholipid molecules - Not very abundant in the biosphere

Answer 15

Phosphorus

Question 15

Soil < ph 4 > ph 8 = phosphorus starts to become tied up with other compounds, making it less available to plants

Answer 15

Phosphorus Cycle

Question 16

Forms part of key biomolecules such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and the porphyrin rings of chlorophyll and hemoglobin

Answer 16

Nitrogen

Question 17

The following are _________ - Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae (freshwater, marine, and soil) - Free-living bacteria (soil) - Rhizobia (soil) - Actinomycetes (soil)

Answer 17

Nitrogen fixers

Question 18

An important process in nitrogen cycle where N2 reduced to NH3 (ammonia) by nitrogenase enzymes under anaerobic conditions - Industrial fixation producing NH4+ (ammonium) fertilizer

Answer 18

Fixation

Question 18

This process in the nitrogen cycle converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4+) - Upon the death of organisms, nitrogen in its tissues can be released as NH4+ by fungi and bacteria

Answer 18

Ammonification

Question 19

A process in the nitrogen cycle in which NH4+ can be converted to nitrate (NO3-) - Ammonium and nitrate can be used directly by bacteria, fungi, or plants

Answer 19

Nitrification

Question 20

In the nitrogen cycle, this energy-yielding process occurs under anaerobic conditions and converts nitrate to molecular nitrogen, N2

Answer 20

Denitrification

Question 21

An essential part of all organic molecules, and, carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide, CO2, and methane CH4, as constituents of the atmosphere, substantially influence global climate

Answer 21

Carbon

Question 21

[CARBON CYCLE] - ________ removes _____ from the atmosphere - ________ by _______ producers and consumers, including decomposers, returns _____ to the atmosphere in the form of _____

Answer 21

- Photosynthesis - CO2 - Respiration - primary - carbon - CO2

Question 21

[CARBON CYCLE] In aquatic ecosystem, _____ must first dissolve in water before being used by aquatic ______ producers - _____ enters a ______________ with bicarbonate, ____-, and carbonate, ____-. - ________ may precipitate out of solution as _____________ and may be buried in ocean sediment

Answer 21

- CO2 - primary - CO2 - chemical equilibrium - HCO3 - CO3 - Carbonate - calcium carbonate