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Media > Topic 6 Media Representations 2 - Sexuality, Disability, Gender > Flashcards

Topic 6 Media Representations 2 - Sexuality, Disability, Gender Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Define ‘invisible elderly’?

A

Elderly people are very rarely represented within the media and are in very minor roles if they are represented. They suffer from negative stereotyping and it is represented as an undesirable state

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2
Q

Define symbolic annihilation?

A

The lack of visibility, under-representation and limited role of groups in media representations. They are omitted, condemned or in stereotypical roles

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3
Q

Define media gaze?

A

The way the media view society and represent it in media content. Media editors and journalists are white, male and middle class and therefore media content reflects their views

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4
Q

Define beauty myth

A

Women are assessed primarily in terms of their appearance and are expected to conform to male conceptions of female beauty. The cosmetics and diet industry all promote this imagery because they benefit from the profits

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5
Q

Define chavs?

A

The most demeaning and hostile stereotype of the working class. The working class are seen as ‘worthless, disgusting, frightening and threatening’. This stereotype appears in a wide range of media and sees them as benefit dependent and lazy

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6
Q

Define hegemonic masculinity?

A

A culturally dominant stereotype of what it means to be male – men are seen in the media to have sexual dominance, be independent and assertive, involved in risk taking and being physically strong

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7
Q

Define the pink pound

A

The gay and lesbian consumer market is large and affluent as such the media is responding to what the gay and lesbian audience want, by actively courting it through advertising campaigns and the provision of media products

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8
Q

Define disability?

A

A physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal day to day activities

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9
Q

Define stigmatised identity?

A

A term defined by Goffman, an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and stops an individual or group being fully accepted by society

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10
Q

How are women underrepresented in the media industry?

A
  • underrepresented in positions of power
  • marginalised in newsrooms (glass ceiling)
  • twice as many male editors than women
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11
Q

How many reports are made by men?

A

77%

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12
Q

How many reports are made by women?

A

23%

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13
Q

How does the male gaze impact representations of gender?

A
  • women seen as sexual objects
  • images focus on their physical appearance
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14
Q

How are women underrepresented in media content?

A
  • 84% articles about men
  • men seen as more experts
  • women more likely to be seen in relation to their family status
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15
Q

How many men accounted for those in lead articles?

A

84%

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16
Q

How does the media spread the patriarchal ideology?

A
  • presents the male view of women in the interests of men
  • women are invisible
  • they’re trivialised, condemned and omitted
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17
Q

According to Connell, what does gender identities reproduce?

A

They reproduce hegemonic stereotypes of the roles and relation between men and women, eg, hegemonic masculinity and femininity

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18
Q

Who created the idea of the beauty myth?

A

Wolf

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19
Q

How has the beauty myth led to women being symbolically annihilated?

A
  • bodies of real women have been rendered invisible and symbolically annihilated and replaced by an idealised youth obsessed beauty cult
  • promote an unattainable view of women
  • eg selena gomez
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20
Q

What are the 4 ways women are symbolically annihilated?

A
  • women are hardly in the news
  • women’s sport coverage is limited
  • women’s invisibility in the media
  • women in video games
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21
Q

What did Gallagher find about women hardly being in the news?

A

Gallagher found the activities of women are rarely news worthy compared to the activities of men

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22
Q

What did Gill argue about women hardly being in the news?

A

female issues and news are often marginalised by newspapers, and women’s pages focus on women as a special group with emotional needs

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23
Q

How does women hardly being in the news impact women in wider society?

A
  • fewer female role models
  • lack of ambition
  • we become preoccupied with how we look
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24
Q

How many men were featured on the sports monthly in 2008?

A

177 men were featured, compared to only 13 women

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25
How can the idea of women's sports not being covered, be analysed?
in the 2024 Olympic Broadcasting Services for Paris, 40% of commentators were female
26
In 2022, how much did women's sport be covered in sports?
in 2022 women's sport made up 15% of sports coverage
27
How many CBeebies presenters are female?
30% of CBeebies presenters are female
28
who discuses the symbolic annihilation of women in the media?
Tuchman
29
Give examples of women changing
30
what are the 6 representations of women?
- the wag - the sex object - the supermum - the angel - the ball breaker - the victim
31
how are women shown in the media
- white - extremely thin - young - pretty - emotional - unpredictable - commonly shown indoors
32
What are the 6 representations of men?
- the joker - the jock - the strong silent type - the big shot - the action hero - the buffoon
33
What is the liberal feminist view of media representations?
media representations are a product of under representations of women in senior positions - this will change as women gain more power and equal opportunities to break through the glass ceiling
34
What is the marxist feminist view of media representations?
gendered representations are driven by patriarchal ideology links with social class inequality - working class women can't afford to participate
35
What is the radical feminist view of media representations?
- representations arise from the need to produce patriarchy - media seeks to keep women in a subordinate position where they conform to the beauty myth and look good to satisfy the male gaze
36
What is the postmodernist view of media representations?
- representations are now more diverse - more choice in terms of how women are perceived - more fluidity in terms of identity - gender no longer constrains us
37
What is the pluralist view of media representations?
- stereotyping occurs because it is what the audience want - driven by the need to attract audiences to make money - stereotypes provide a way of satisfying the wishes of the audience
38
What does McRobbie suggest about representations of gender in a postmodern society?
there is much more flexibility and now a growing expectation that women and men should be treated equally
39
What does Gauntlett say about representations of gender?
Gauntlett sees the media as presenting a wider range of gender identities beyond traditional stereotypes
40
According to McRobbie how have representations of women changed?
- a new form of popular feminism has emerged which promote female assertiveness and self confidence
41
According to Inness, how have representations of women changed?
women are now presented as more powerful where they confront danger and take on male roles
42
who discusses that women are now presented as more powerful?
Inness
43
According to Gauntlett, how are representations of men changing?
- wider range of masculinity - new choices for men to construct different identities from the traditional hegemonic masculinity
44
what are the 2 reasons for changes in representations of gender?
- the power of advertisers, tapping in to a lucrative mens market - the need to attract media audiences - women are becoming more successful and have growing power
45
what have representations of sexuality led to?
led to many moral panics
46
what does mcrobbie argue about representations of heterosexuality and men?
mcrobbie has argued that men are beginning to face the same sort of physical scrutiny by both women and other men
47
what is the new stereotype of heterosexuality and men in the media?
meterosexual - heterosexual men who embrace their feminine side
48
what would marxists say about the focus on beautifying men?
- creates a market of products - greater angle of consumption - higher profit margin
49
what are the homosexuality representations in the gaze of?
- media view is through a heterosexual media gaze
50
why has homosexuality been treated as deviant by the media?
the fear of loss of profit if audiences or advertisers are offended has meant homosexuality has been treated as deviant - it is through a heterosexual media gaze, of middle class white heterosexual men
51
what are the homosexual stereotypes?
- camp - macho - deviant - gays in the news - coverage of aids
52
What does Gross argue about coverage of sexuality?
the media have symbolically annihilated gays and lesbians by excluding them altogether
53
who discusses that gays and lesbians are symbolically annihilated?
Gross
54
Who found that gays were 5 times more likely to be portrayed negatively?
Green
55
what did green find about sexuality in the media?
gays were 5 times more likely to be portrayed negatively
56
who says that despite things changing gays and lesbians are still underrepresented and portrayed negatively?
Gauntlett
57
What does Gauntlett argue about representations of sexuality?
despite things changing gays and lesbians are still underrepresented and portrayed negatively
58
what is the gay and lesbian consumer market called?
pink pound
59
what would pluralists say about the pink pound?
audiences are active and can choose to ignore
60
who discusses that the media present sexuality in a sanitised (watered down) way?
Gill
61
need representations of disability

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