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Psychology Test 2 > Topic 6: Memory > Flashcards

Topic 6: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define memory

A

process of how we take something observed and convert it into a form we can store, retrieve, use

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2
Q

Process of memory

A

encoding - storage - retrieval

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3
Q

What is a memory?

A

MENTAL REPRESENTATION for something to be remembered = mental model of information

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4
Q

Sensory representation

A

5 senses eg visual image of a dog

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5
Q

Verbal representation

A

words, info, spelling, concepts, language eg info stored in words - concept of freedom

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6
Q

Motoric representation

A

memories of motor actions eg riding a bike

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7
Q

Information processing model of memory (standard)

A

stimulus - sensory register - short-term memory (STM) (rehearsal/retrievel) - long term memory (LTM) (retrieval)

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8
Q

Sensory registers/memory

A

Hold info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second AFTER stimulus disappears

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9
Q

Sensory registers/memory - iconic storage

A

momentary storage VISUAL info

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10
Q

Sensory registers/memory - echoic storage

A

momentary storage AUDITORY info

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11
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

info from sensory reigsters that is ATTENDED to moves into STM (not all info attended to)

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12
Q

What is the capacity/duration of STM?

A

Capacity - small amount of info, ~7 items

Duration - short time, ~20-30 seconds

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13
Q

What happens if STM is rehearsed?

A

Info maintained in STM for longer

maintenance rehearsal + elaborative rehearsal - deep vs superficial learning

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14
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

representations of facts, images, actions and skills - persists over a lifetime

works closely with working memory

contains info about our memory for experiences/info accumulated

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15
Q

What is the capacity/duration of LTM?

A

duration - potentially limitless

capacity - theoretically limitless

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16
Q

LTM MODEL

A

TYPE of knowledge - procedural memory + declarative memory (generic/semantic - general knowledge) & (episodic - specific events)

WAY knowledge is EXPRESSED - implicit memory + explicit memory (recall) & (recognition)

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17
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

Recall - conscious recollection of info from LTM

Recognition - identification of something previously seen/learned

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18
Q

Types of implicit memory

A

Priming - previous experience changes response without conscious awareness

Classical conditioning - associating response ith a stimulus

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19
Q

LTM Model (picture)

A
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20
Q

Evolution of memory model

A

Memory no longer thought of as serial processing modelling

Comprise number of modules

Interdependent (parallel processing) - not always conscious or retroactive

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21
Q

Working memory (WM)

A

Temporary storage & processing of info

  • solve problems, repsond to environment, achieve goals
22
Q

What is Badderley and Hitch’s 3 memory systems?

A
  1. visual memory store
  2. verbal memory store
  3. central executive
23
Q

What comprises the visual memory store? (memory systems)

A

VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD - temp image (20-30 sec), stores info about location/nature of objects

what and where

24
Q

What comprises the verbal memory store? (memory systems)

A

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP - storage verbal items (STM), limited capacity

25
What comprises the central executive? (memory systems)
controls flow and processing of info, limited capacity
26
Multi-component model of WM
27
Everyday memory
As it occurs in everyday life functional memory remembering info that is meaningful
28
Function of memory and intent as learnt infor (WM)
emotional significance of memory prospective aspect of memory (future) retrospective aspects of memroy (past)
29
What is prospective memory? (WM)
memory for future tasks, remembering to remember, what/when to remember
30
Encoding in LTM
Encoded = info cast into representational form (converted to be easily accessed) Type/level of encoding influences accessibility of info
31
Levels of processing info in LTM
shallow processing - physical characteristics of stimulus deep processing - meaning of stimulus Eg. word understanding structural - word (letters/length) phonetic - what does it sound like/rhyme with semantic processing - meaning, use in sentence
32
What is the encoding specificity principle?
ease of retrieval depends on match between way info was encoded and how it's later retrieved poor recall = shallow learning using deep processing technique
33
Why is context important with retrieval of info/memory?
context of encode/retrieval of info can affect case of retrieval same context+emotional state gives retrieval cues = recollection
34
What is context dependent memory?
Info easier to recall when encoded/retrieved in same CONTEXT
35
What is mood (state) congruent memory?
info easier to recall when encoded/retrieved in same EMOTIONAL state
36
What is the spacing effect?
superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals cramming doesn't work long-term (1+ days)
37
What is representaional modes (LTM)?
^ number of different modes = ^ remembering (visual, auditory, motoric) \> meaning \> depth
38
How to remember better/more Mnemonic devices
encode long series of facts by associating them with familiar/previously encoded info new info to existing info follow worn neural trail 'network of association'
39
How to remember more/better Networks of association
memory built through association/pathway which is can be recalled
40
How to remember more/better How to LTM organised in 'network of association'?
organised in clusters of info related in meaning each piece of info along a network = node interconnected / some stronger than others mnemonic devices allow addition of concepts to existing networks
41
What do nodes contain? (networks of association)
thoughts, images, smells, emotions, other info spreading activation - activate one node, activate another, need not be spoken Eg; link between tide/surf and laundry detergent
42
How to remember more/better What are schemas?
patterns of thought, organised knowledge structures, predict evironment mental shortcut match new info against existing schemas in memory
43
How do schemas affect the way we remember?
1. influence way info is encoded (same/different from expectation) 2. shape way info is restructured/changed
44
Memory fails 7 sins of memory
1. transcience - memories fade with time 2. absent-mindedness - need to pay attention to remember 3. misattribution - misremembering source of a memory 4. suggestibility - thinking we remember 5. bias - distortions in recall 6. persistence - recurring memories 7. forgetting - inability to remember
45
Memory fails what is forgetting?
inability to recall previously learned info
46
Memory fails Accuracy of LTM and flashback memory
flashback memory = vivid memory of existing/significant events memory subject to error/bias can be primed with cues altered by emotional factors recall can be manipulated by leading questions
47
Theories of forgetting Decay theory
result of fading neural trace and weakened with disuse
48
Theories of forgetting Interference Theory
intrusion of similar memories on each other - conflict between new/old proactive interference = old memories interfere with retrieval of new info retroactive interference = new info interefered with retrieval of old info
49
Theories of forgetting Motivated forgetting
forgetting for a reason implies forgetting can avoid/block painful memories (Freudian/psychodynamic unconscious)
50
Theories of forgetting Disordered memory: amnesia
Retrograde amnesia = inability to remember OLD memories, associated with stroke, tumour, TBI Anterograde amnesia = inability to retain NEW memories, can retrieve old ones/not form new ones, associated with Alzheimers

Psychology Test 2 (5 decks)

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