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Topic 6 Policy Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is social policy?
A

The actions, plans and programmes of government bodies and agencies that seek to solve a problem and achieve a goal.

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2
Q

What do Ball and Whitty say about parentocracy?

A
  • parentocracy is a myth
  • parents are presented as consumers with free choice but this is false
  • middle class are favoured, more informed and have better resources to shop for the best schools
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3
Q

What did the 1988 Education Reform Act introduce

A
  • introduced the national curriculum
  • introduced technology colleges
  • introduced testing (GCSEs) and league tables
  • introduced marketisation
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4
Q
  1. What is parentocracy?
A

It means rule by the parents. Supporters of marketisation argue that in an education market, power shifts away from the producers (teachers and schools) to the consumers (parents).

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5
Q

According to Bartlett, why does marketization create inequalities?

A
  • Marketisation leads to school’s silt-shifting and cream skimming pupils. (Bartlett)
  • ethnic minorities and working-class pupils aren’t seen as ideal to the schools, so at a disadvantage
  • Schools want to maintain a high position on the league table therefore they do not select students that they believe will bring their position down.
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6
Q
  1. What kind of policies do the New Right like?
A

They like the marketisation of education as they believe it encourages competition and make schools more accountable.

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7
Q

Which policy did New Labour introduce to combat inequality?

A

They introduced Education Action Zones which were established in areas of high deprivation and low levels of achievement in aim to boost the education achievements of those in disadvantaged areas.

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8
Q

What is EMA 2005?

A

Students are given additional funding to stay in education after 16

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9
Q

What is the 1944 Education act and what did it introduce?

A
  • education began to be shaped by he idea of meritocracy
  • made everyone do an exam at age 11
  • created the tripartite system - children put into 3 different schools according to their ability (grammar, secondary modern, technical)
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10
Q

how did the tripartite system create inequality?

A
  • produced class inequality by channelling the two social classes into two different types of schools that offered unequal opportunities
  • produced gender inequality by requiring girls to get higher marks
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11
Q

what did the comprehensive system aim to do?

A
  • overcome the class divide of the tripartite system and make education more meritocratic
  • abolished the 11+ exam
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12
Q

what are the disadvantages of the comprehensive system?

A
  • legitimated inequality as all students now go to the same school, making it appear like there’s equal oppurtunity but there’s not
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13
Q

how can the national curriculum be criticised?

A
  • it has the opposite effect
  • led to an increase in setting, pupils out into different levels of exams based on their view of their ability
  • national curriculum can be seen as a step backwards in terms of equality
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14
Q

what is formula funding?

A

where schools receive the same amount of funding for each pupil

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15
Q

what is open enrolment?

A

allows successful schools to recruit more pupils

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16
Q

why do post modernists argue marketisation policies reproduce choice?

A
  • there’s more diversity in schools, curriculums and qualifications
  • more diverse range of students in schools
  • we aren’t restricted by class, gender, ethnicity
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17
Q

what do ball and whitty argue about marketisation policies?

A

marketisation policies like league tables and formula funding reproduce class inequality by creating inequalities between schools

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18
Q

why does formula funding reproduce inequality?

A
  • popular schools get more funding so can afford better teachers and resources
  • they can be more selective and attract middle class students
  • unpopular schools fail to attract students and loose funding
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19
Q

what does rebecca allen argue free schools?

A

free schools only benefit children from highly educated families

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20
Q

what did multi cultural education aim to promote?

A

aim to promote the achievements of children from minority ethnic backgrounds by valuing all cultures within the curriculm

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21
Q

How does Stone criticise multicultural policies?

A
  • stone argues black people do not fail due to lack of self esteem and these policies are misguided
  • fails to challenge racism
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22
Q

how does Mirza criticise social inclusion policies?

A

Mirza argues there’s been little genuine change in policy and it is too soft. Policy needs to tackle the structural causes of ethnic inequality

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23
Q

how do the new right criticise multi cultural education?

A

the new right criticise it for perpetuating cultural divisions, they believe education should promote a shared national culture

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24
Q

why are assimilation policies seen negatively?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ethnic minorities must adopt the values of british culture, rather than recognising diversity, we must all be the same
25
outline and explain how functionalists see the role of comprehensive schooling?
- comprehensive schools promote meritocracy - they all have equal oppurtunities to succeed, same teachers same resources - davis and moore - inequality is needed
26
What are education action zones and who established them?
established in areas of high deprivation and low levels of achievement in aim to boost the education achievements of those in disadvantaged areas, eg extra funding, recruiting teachers - established by new labour
27
7. Which of New Labours policies introduced between 1997 and 2010 did the Conservatives continue with?
They continued with the school leaving age being 16.
28
8. How has the education system become privatised?
Private companies are using schools and education to gain profit. They’re putting things like Starbucks and Costa in schools and colleges.
29
9. What are the three types of policies that aimed to deal with differences in ethnic achievement?
- Assimilation policies - enocurage emg to adopt british culture as a way of raising their achievement. - Multicultural education polices - promote the achievements of emg pupils by valuing all cultures within the curriculum. - Social inclusion polices - focused on detailed monitoring of exam results by ethnicity, amending the race relations act to place a legal duty on schools to promote racial equality. Also focused on English as an additional subject programme.
30
How have social inclusion policies improved ethnic minority achievement?
- amending the race relations act to place a legal duty on schools to promote racial equality. - focused on English as an additional subject programme. - Social inclusion polices focused on monitoring of exam results by ethnicity,
31
What policies have been introduced in relation to improve girls achievement and gender equality?
Policies like GIST and WISE have been introduced to try to reduce gender differences in subject choice. They encouraged girls to get into subjects like, science, engineering and tech. discussed by boaler
32
Outline 3 policies aimed at increasing boys achievement?
- dads and sons - encouraging dads to read to songs so it's not seen as a girl thing - playing for success - encouraging competition within learning - reading champions - professionals like footballers reading to encourage boys to do it too
33
What is pupil premium?
- combating material deprivation - giving extra money to schools based on how many free school meal students they've got
34
What do marxists think about education policies?
- against - they reproduce inequality - parentocracy is a myth - Gerwitz, Ball and Whitty - wc do less well and mc benefit as they have cultural and economic capital
35
What do post-modernists think about education policies?
- policies reproduce diversity and choice - diversity of curriculum, subject, schools, provision - reflects choice
36
What do Ball and Whitty argue about marketisation and privatisation of education?
- reproduce inequality - better schools can be more selective and recruit the high achieving middle class students - myth of parentocracy
37
3 ways marketisation has increased social class differences within the education system?
- myth of parentocracy - middle have cc to take advantage - cream skimming and silt shifting is unequal - setting and streaming - middle class in higher sets
38
outline and explain 2 ways globalisation has affected educational policy?
- UK now adopt policies for other countries, eg free schools in sweden - encouraged privatisation - global companies taking over aspects of education for profits
39
who favours the education reform act?
new right
40
who created the idea of parentocracy?
miriam david
41
what does miriam david argue about marketisation?
marketisation promotes parentocracy, encourages diversity of schools and raises standards
42
which policies promote marketisation?
- academies - ofsted - league tables
43
why does gerwitz say that parentocracy is a myth?
Gerwitz believes middle class parents have more cultural and economic capital to take advantage of the choices
44
who created the idea of cream skimming and silt shifting?
Bartlett
45
What policies have been introduced to improve underachievement in disadvantaged areas?
- education action zones - sure start - raising school leaving age
46
which policies have been introduced to improve sex typing of subjects?
Gist and Wise - getting girls into 'boys' subjects National Curriculum - ensures boys and girls are taught the same
47
Give 3 policies introduced to improve boys achievement?
- dads and sons - dads reading with sons to make literacy not appear like a girls thing - reading champions - footballers reading to encourage boys - playing for success - encouraging competition
48
give 3 policies introduced to encourage ethnic achievement?
- english as an additional language - assimilation policies - multi cultural education
49
What did the Education Reform Act introduce?
- Testing - GCsE, SATs and A Levels - League tables - open enrolment - children can go to any local school - national curriculum- everyone is taught the same - brought more equality - marketisation and parentocrafy
50
Give 3 policy examples to support marketisation
- league tables and ofsted reports - national curriculum - state testing SATs, GCSES , Alevels
51
Which do the New Labour believe needs to be done in education?
- specialist schools expert in specific areas - academies to improve standards in deprived areas - sure start centres - EMA ( education maintenance allowance) paid students to come to school
52
According to Ball, how has globalisation impacted education policy?
- Ball argues globalisation has led to the commodification of students - Universities now compete for overseas students, who pay higher fees
53
What does Banks say about policies improving ethnic achievement?
Banks argues the introduction of the multicultural curriculum is creating more equality
54
who discusses myth of parentocracy?
- ball and whitty - gerwitz
55
along with lacey, who says setting and streaming
Gilbourn - creates a self fulfilling prophecy - lead to negative outcomes for those in lower groups
56
who discusses setting and streaming?
- lacey - leads to low self esteem and subcultures - Keddie - impacts their access to oppurtunities - Ball - leads to self fulfilling prophecy
57
what does keddie argue about setting and streaming?
those in lower sets get lower status knowledge and submitted for lower exams. their success and access to opportunities is limited and they're stuck under the teachers expectations
58
according to gilbourn and yodel, what has formula funding led to?
educational triage

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