Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AQA Year 2 > Topic 6B: Muscles > Flashcards

Topic 6B: Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Striated muscle
  • Striped muscle
  • Voluntary muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are tendons?

A

Skeletal Muscles that are attached to bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Ligaments?

A
  • They attach bones to other bones

- hold them together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skeletal Muscles are made up of…

A

Long Muscle Fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are muscle fibres?

A

large bundles of long cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The cell membrane of the muscle fibre is called….

A

sacrolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When sacrolemma fold inwards and stick the sacroplasm, we call it….

A

Transverse T Tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of T Tubules?

A

Help into spread electrical impulses throughout the sacroplasm so they reach all parts of the muscle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A network of internal membranes is called

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the sacroplasmic reticulum?

A

Stores and releases calcium ions that are need for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organelle is in muscle fibres?

A

lots of mitrochondria that release ATP for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscles are multinucleate. What does this mean?

A

Contain many nucleis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are myofibrils?

A
  • long cylindrical organelles

- they are made up of proteins and are highly specialised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myofibrils contain….

A
  • Thick myofilaments
  • Thin myofilaments
  • These move past each other to contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If you put a myofibrils under a electron microscope what do you see?

A
  • Dark bands

- Light bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do dark bands contain?

A

-Thick myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do light bands contain?

A

-Thin myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are A bands?

A

Thick myofilaments overlapped with thin myofilaments

19
Q

What I bands?

A

Thin myofilaments only

20
Q

A myofibrils are made up of short unit called?

A

sacromeres

21
Q

The end of sacromeres are called?

A

Z-line

22
Q

What is the middle of the sacromere called?

A

M-line

23
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Contains only myosin filaments

24
Q

Do myofilaments contract?

A

No they slide over each other

25
Q

Do sacromeres contract?

A

yes

26
Q

What get shorter when the sarcomere contracts?

A
  • I Bands

- H-Zone

27
Q

What do myosin filaments have structurally?

A
  • Globular heads that are hinged
  • binding site for actin
  • binding site for ATP
28
Q

What do actin filaments have structurally?

A
  • binding site for myosin heads

- actin-myosin binding sites

29
Q

How are resting muscles maintained?

A
  • actin-myosin binding site blocked by tropomyosin

- can’t slide past each other because of myosin heads cant bind on actin filaments

30
Q

What are muscle contraction triggered by?

A

An influx of calcium ions

31
Q

What happens when action potential reaches the muscle cells?

A
  • depolarises sacrolemma
  • depolarisation spreads down t-tubles to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • sacroplasmic reticulum releases stores ca2+ into sacroplasm
32
Q

Outline the process of muslce contraction

A
  • ca2 binds to protein on tropomyosin
  • changes shape and moves away exposing the actin myosin binding site
  • allows myosin head to bend
  • forms an actin myosin cross bridge
  • enerygy released from ATP causes myosin heads to bind and pull actin filament along in a rowing motion
  • Another ATP provides energy for myosin heads to dettach from the actin-myosin cross bridge
  • reattaches to a new actin myosin binding site
  • cycle repeats as long as calcium ions present
33
Q

What is the role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction?

A

-Ca2+ binds to protein associated with tropomyosin which makes tropomyosin move away and expose the actin myosin binding site.
-Ca2+ activates the enzyme ATP hydrolase which hydrolyses ATP to provide the energy needed for muscle contraction
-

34
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A
  • ATP releases energy which makes myosin bend which also pulls actin filaments along in a rowing motion
  • Another ATP breaks the actin myosin cross bridge
35
Q

How does muscle contractions stop?

A
  • muscles stop being stimulated
  • calcium ions leave the binding site
  • by active transport
  • back to sacroplasmic reticulum
  • causes tropomyosin to move back and block the actin myosin binding site
  • sacromeres lengthens again
36
Q

Muscles will only contract if…

A

Myosin heads are attached to actin filaments

37
Q

What provides the energy for muscle contraction?

A

ATP and Phosphocreatine (PCr)

38
Q

How is ATP generated in aerobic respiration?

A

-via oxidative phosphorylation in cells mitrochondria

-

39
Q

How is ATP generated in anaerobic respiration?

A

-rapidly by glycolysis

40
Q

How is ATP generated in PCr?

A
  • atp made by phosphorylating ADP
  • which adds a phosphate group taken from PCr
  • only used for short vigorous exercise
  • anaerobic processes(no oxygen needed)
  • its alactic (doesnt produce lactate)
41
Q

Name the two types of muslce fibres?

A

slow twitch

fast twitch

42
Q

What are the properties of slow twitch?

A
  • contract slowly
  • used for posture
  • good for endurance activities eg long distance training
  • can work for a long time without being tired
  • energy released through aerobic respiration-use of o2
  • lots of mitrochondria and blood vessels
  • reddich colour-alot of myoglobin
43
Q

What are the properties of fast twitch?

A
  • contract very quickly
  • used for fast movements
  • good for short bursts of speed and power
  • get tired very quickly
  • energy released through anaerobic respiration use of glycogen
  • Whitish colour because not much myoglobin

Biology AQA Year 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions