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Biology AQA Year 2 > Topic 6C: Kidneys > Flashcards

Topic 6C: Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Kidneys

A
  • excretes waste products like urea

- regulates water potential of the blood(osmoregulation)

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2
Q

Structure of Kidneys

A
  • Cortext (outlayer)
  • medulla (inner layer)
  • Renal Artery
  • Renal Vein
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is a Nephron?

A

Long tubules along with bundle of capillaries where the blood is filtered

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4
Q

How many nephrons in one kidney?

A

One million

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5
Q

Stages in Ultrafiltration

A
  • Blood enters the through the afferent arteriole from the renal artery
  • because the diameter of the afferent a is bigger than the efferent a it causes a HIGH hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus
  • forces small molecules and liquid in the blood out of the capillaries into the bowmans capsule.
  • goes through three layers
  • produces the a glomerular filtrate in the bowmans capsule.
  • proteins are too large to enter through

-

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6
Q

What layers are involved in ultrafiltration?

A
  • Capillary wall
  • Basement membrane
  • Epithelium of bowmans capsule
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7
Q

Why cant proteins pass through to the bowmans capsule?

A

they are too large so they stay in the blood

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8
Q

Structure of Nephron

A 
Afferent arteriole 
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Bowmans Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule 
Loop of Henle 
Distal Convoluted Tubule 
Collecting Duct
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9
Q

What is in the medulla?

A

Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct

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10
Q

What happens in the PCT?

A
  • Useful substances like glucose leave the tubules and into the capillary network by AT and FD
  • Water enter the blood by osmosis because the wp of water in blood is lower than filtrate.
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11
Q

Adaptations of PCT

A
  • microvilli on the epithelium wall of PCT increases the SA for selective reabsorption
  • lots of mitochondria provides ATP for active transport
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12
Q

What is urine made up of?

A
  • water
  • dissolved salts
  • urea
  • hormones and excess vitamins
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13
Q

What is osmosregulation?

A

When the kidneys regulate the water potential of blood so that the body has just the right amount of water.

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14
Q

If water potential of blood is too low..

A
  • more water is absorbed into the blood

- urine is more concentrated so less water is lost during excretion

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15
Q

If water potential of blood is too high

A

Less water is absorbed into the blood

-urine is dilute so more water is lost during excretion.

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16
Q

What does the Loop of Henle do?

A

Maintains a sodium ion gradient

- this is for the cotransport of glucose and amino acids with Na+

17
Q

How many limbs does loop of Henle have?

A

Descending and ascending limb

18
Q

Stages of Loop of Henle

A

1) Top of a limb Na+ are actively transported out into the medulla
- water stays inside because a limb is impermeable to water.
2) Creates a low water potential in the medulla because there is a high concentration of ions.
- WP gradient established
3) Water from the d limb and collecting duct diffuse out into the medulla by osmosis
- this makes the filtrate more concentrated
4) The water in the medulla is reabsorbed into the blood through the capillary network

19
Q

Why causes the Na+ to be actively transported out to the medulla from the top of the ascending limb?

A

Near the bottom of the ascending limb there is an increase of Na+ions which diffuses out into the medulla.

20
Q

What happens at the distal convulted tubule?

A

Water diffuses of the distal convulted tubule by osmosis and is reabsorbed into the blood.

21
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A
  • In the medulla there is a low water potential as a result of the loop of henle
  • This causes water to move out of the CD by osmosis leaving the filtrate to remain in the collecting duct
22
Q

What type of cells monitors the water potential of blood?

A

osmoreceptors

23
Q

Where are osmorecptors located in the body

A

part of the brain called the hypthalamus

24
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Antidiuertic Hormone

25
Q

What happens to ADH when you are dehydrated?

A
  • water potential of the blood drops
  • detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus
  • sends a signal to the posterior pituitary gland (PPG)
  • (PGG) is stimulated to release MORE ADH into the blood
  • More ADH means that DCT and CD are more permeable to water
  • so more water is reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis
26
Q

What happens to ADH when you are hydrated

A
  • water potential of the blood rises
  • detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus
  • sends a signal to the posterior pituitary gland (PPG)
  • (PGG) is stimulated to release LESS ADH into the blood
  • Less ADH means that DCT and CD are less permeable to water
  • so more water is reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis
27
Q

What kind of urine do you produced if you are hydrated?

A

A large amount of dilute urine is produced and more water is lost.

28
Q

What kind of urine do you produced if you are dehydrated?

A

A small amount of highly concentrated urine is produced and less water is lost.

Biology AQA Year 2 (15 decks)

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