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Biology > Topic 7 - Hormones > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released directly into the blood. The organ or tissue affected by a hormones is called a target organ.
Hormones control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment.

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2
Q

Pituitary gland?

A
  • Attached to the brain

* Growth hormone

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3
Q

Thyroid gland?

A
  • In our necks
  • Releases thyroxine
  • Thyroxine regulates rate of metabolism
  • Controls how quickly chemical reactions happen in the body
  • Target organ: all tissues and bones
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4
Q

Adrenal glands?

A
  • Sit on top of our kidneys
  • Produces adrenaline
  • Gets body ready for ‘Fight or flight’ response
  • Target organ: all tissues and kidneys
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5
Q

Pancreas?

A
  • In front of the kidneys
  • Produces insulin and glucagon
  • Controls blood glucose levels
  • Target organ: liver and muscles
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6
Q

Testes?

A
  • Produce testosterone

* Controls male development during puberty

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7
Q

Ovaries?

A
  • Produce oestrogen and progesterone

* Controls female development during puberty

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8
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system?

A
  • Relies on hormones secreted by glands
  • Transported in the blood
  • Spread more slowly
  • Effects last longer
  • Act more generally - spreads through the entire body
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9
Q

What are the features of the nervous system?

A
  • Relies on electrical impulses which are transferred along nerve cells
  • Very fast
  • Effects don’t last long
  • Go to one specific area - precise
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10
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Increased heart rate —> increased blood flow
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Blood vessels to the digestive system narrow but blood vessels to the muscles and the heart widen so that the muscles can receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration
  • Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose which increases blood glucose level, so there’s raised blood sugar levels
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11
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level, it triggers a response to bring the level back to normal again.

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12
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which we can extract energy from food.

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13
Q

How does thyroxine control metabolic rate?

A
  • When thyroxine level is lower than normal the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH
  • TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH
  • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, so the thyroxine levels rise back to normal.
  • When the thyroxine levels get higher than normal, the release of TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH, so thyroxine levels fall.
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14
Q

What are the effects of thyroxine?

A
  • Causes heart cells to contract more

* Causes proteins and carbohydrates to break down more quickly

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15
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of the internal environment.

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16
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

A
  • Pancreas (gland) detects + releases insulin (hormone)
  • Insulin diffuses into the blood and travels to the liver (target organ)
  • At the liver glucose is stored as glycogen
  • Blood glucose levels decrease
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17
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • Pancreas (gland) detects and releases glucagon (hormone)
  • Glucagon diffuses into the blood and travels to the liver (target organ)
  • At the liver it stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
  • Blood glucose levels increase
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18
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin.

The result is that a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them.

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19
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Genetics

Diagnosed in childhood and is lifelong

20
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Inject insulin. This is often done at meal times to make sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested.
They also can:
• Limit the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates
• Take regular exercise - helps to remove excess glucose from the blood

21
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When a person becomes resistant to insulin.

22
Q

What are the causes of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity
Lack of exercise
Old age

23
Q

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • More exercise
  • Healthy low sugar diet
  • Loosing weight
24
Q

How to calculate BMI?

A

Mass (kg) / height (m) 2

25
Q

How to calculated waist-to-hip ratio?

A

Waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

26
Q

What are the hormones and their location involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Hormone - Gland

1) FSH - Pituitary
2) Oestrogen - Ovaries
3) LH - Pituitary
4) Progesterone - Ovaries

27
Q

What is the first stage of the menstrual cycle?

A 
1) FSH
• Released from the pituitary gland
• Travels to the ovaries 
• Stimulates the ovaries to mature an egg 
• Stimulates the production of oestrogen
28
Q

What is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?

A 
2) Oestrogen
• Released from the ovaries
• Travels to the uterus 
• Stimulates building of uterus lining/thickens uterus lining
• Stops the production of FSH
29
Q

What is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

3) At day 14 LH levels spike
• It is released from pituitary
• This causes ovulation (egg is released)

30
Q

What is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

4) Progesterone
• Released from the ovaries
• Maintains the uterus lining
• If a woman is pregnant progesterone levels stay high, if she is not pregnant the uterus lining sheds because progesterone levels fall

31
Q

What is a hormonal method of contraception?

A

Use hormones to reduce female fertility (by preventing the release of an egg and thickening cervical mucus.

32
Q

What are the hormonal methods of contraception?

A

1) The pill
2) Injection
3) Vaginal ring
4) Implant
5) Coil

33
Q

What are barrier methods of contraception?

A

Methods of contraception that aim to stop the sperm and egg meeting.

34
Q

What are some barrier methods?

A
  • Condom

* Caps or diaphragms

35
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the coil?

A
  • Doesn’t protect against STI’s, side effects (less likely) but still include mood swings, can be painful to get inserted.
    + Very reliable, last for 5 years, lighter/no periods
36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the patch?

A
  • Side effects include weight gain, mood swings or an increased risk of blood clots. Does not protect against STI’s
    + Very reliable and not affected by digestive problems
37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the pill?

A
  • Females need to remember to take it daily. Side effects include weight gain, mood swings or an increased risk of blood clots. Does not protect against STI’s
    + Very reliable
38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the condom?

A
  • Unreliable if not used properly

+ Easily obtained. Protects against STI’s

39
Q

Adavantages and disadvantages of sterilisation?

A
  • Doesn’t protect against STI’s, very difficult to reverse.

+ Virtually 100% effective. Long term affects are rare, doesn’t impact sex drives

40
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of diaphragm?

A
  • Can take time to learn how to insert, not reliable against STI’s. Can lead to a bladder infection
    + No serious associated health risks, quite effective.
41
Q

General advantages and disadvantages of hormonal and barrier methods?

A

+ Hormonal methods are more effective
+ Hormonal methods mean couple don’t have to stop and think contraception each time they have intercourse
- Hormonal methods can have unpleasant side effects
- Hormonal methods don’t protect against STI’s

42
Q

How do hormonal contraceptives work?

A

An example of a hormonal contraceptive is the pill. Hormonal contraceptives release oestrogen and progesterone.
Oestrogen stops the release of an egg (it inhibits FSH)
Progesterone thickens cervical mucus. This stops the sperm entering the uterus and reaching the egg.

43
Q

What are the 2 types of treatments for infertility?

A

Clomifene therapy

IVF

44
Q

What is Clomifene therapy and how does it work?

A

Clomifene is a drug
It causes more FSH and LH to be released by the blood which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation.
By knowing when the woman will be ovulating, the couple can have intercourse during this time period to increase the chance of becoming pregnant.

45
Q

What is IVF and how does it work?

A

It involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm.
These are then grown into embryos. Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy.
FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production.
IVF is an example of assisted reproductive technology (a fertility treatment that involves egg being handled outside of the body)

Biology (10 decks)

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