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MED-109 Biology II ✅ > Topic 7A: Protists ✅ > Flashcards

Topic 7A: Protists ✅ Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Domain Eukarya’s kingdoms

A
  1. Protists
  2. Fungi
  3. Plants
  4. Animals
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2
Q

Protists are mostly..

A

Unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms

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3
Q

Protist types

A

Protozoa (e.g. Amoebas)

Algae (e.g. seaweeds)

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4
Q

Fungi are mostly

A

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic microorganisms

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5
Q

Fungal types

A

Yeasts
Eg unicellular fungi (S. cerevisiae)

Multicellular fungi
Eg mushrooms, molds

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6
Q

Protozoa

A

No cell wall
No chlorophyll

Mostly unicellular

Several pathogenic species → eukaryotic parasites
Eg amoeba

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7
Q

Algae

A

Cell wall
Chlorophyll

Photosynthetic organisms

Some are unicellular (eg seaweeds)

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8
Q

Properties of protists

A

Most unicellular

Some multicellular or can form multicellular colonies

Motility: cilia or flagella

Reproduction: asexual or sexual

Various nutritional modes: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs.

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9
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Contain chloroplasts

Perform photosynthesis

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10
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles (by phagocytosis)

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11
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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12
Q

Supergroups of Eukarya

A
  1. Excavates
  2. SAR
  3. Archaeplastids
  4. Unikonts
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13
Q

SAR has..

A

Chromalveolates

Rhizarians

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14
Q

Excavata

A

Characterized by presence of feeding groove in some

Diplomonads (Giardia intestinalis)
Parabasalids (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Euglenozoans (Trypanosomes)

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15
Q

Diplomonads example

A

Eg Giardia intestinalis (Giardia lamblia)

Characteristics: flagellated Protozoa with modified mitochondria (mitosomes)

Pathogenic parasite: causes gastroenteritis (food poisoning)

Transmission: food-borne disease

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16
Q

Parabasalipids example

A

Eg Trichomas vaginalis

Characteritistics: flagellated Protozoa with modified mitochondria (hydrogenosomes)

Pathogenic parasite, causes vaginitis in women, urethritis in men

Sexually transmitted disease

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17
Q

Euglenozoans example

A

Eg Trypanosomes

Morphological characteristic: spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella

Euglenozoa:
Kinetoplastids- includes pathogenic species, have a single mitochondrion
Euglenids- non-pathogenic

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18
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

Pathogenic

Causes sleeping sickness in humans (African trypanosomiasis)

-transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina)

-CNS infection -> lethargy, coma death

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19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Pathogenic

Causes Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis)

-transmitted by triatomine bugs (genus Triatoma)

-symptoms: chronic myocardiopathy

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20
Q

SAR

A

Stramenopiles & Alveolates, Rhizaria

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21
Q

Chromalveolates

A

Alveolates

Stramenopiles

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22
Q

Alveolates

A

Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) underneath their plasma membrane

Include:
Apicomplexans: contains pathogenic species
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates

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23
Q

Apicomplexans

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A

Pathogenic parasites, some cause serious human diseases

Spread through host cell as infectious cells called sporozoites

Apex contains organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Require 2+ different host species for completion of life cycle

Eg Plasmodium malariae (causes malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii (causes toxoplasmosis)

24
Q

Plasmodium malariae

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A

Apicomplexan (pathogenic parasite)

Causes malaria

Transmitted by mosquitoes
-> reproduced in the RBC leading to haemoglobin digestion

->natural secretion favored selective survival of the thalassaemia allele carriers in areas with high prevalence of malaria

900,000 deaths/year

Ongoing efforts for vaccine development

25
Toxoplasma gondii
Apicomplexan Causes toxoplasmosis Transmission: 1. Oral-faecal route: -by consuming contaminated raw/undercooked meat -by ingesting anything contaminated with cat or other animal faeces 2. Trans-placental transmission: -from mother to foetus -can cause abortion , hydrocephalus, mental retardation
26
Sporozoites
Infect liver cells
27
Merozoites
Infect RBC
28
Ciliates
Use cilia to move and feed Eg paramecium- ciliated protozoon
29
Ciliates morphology
Cilia Oral groove Cell mouth Food vacuoles Macronucleus Micro nucleus Contractile vacuole
30
What are stramenopiles characterized by?
Presence of smooth or hairy flagella
31
Stramenopiles ->
Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes
32
Dinoflagellates and Diatoms
Dinoflagellates: 2 flagella (in Alveolates) Diatoms: photosynthetic protists, unicellular (in Stramenopiles) Major components of phytoplankton
33
Golden algae and Brown algae
Golden: unicellular (form multicellular colonies) Brown: multicellular algae
34
Oomycetes
Stramenopile Water molds and their relatives Initially considered fungi, based on morphological studies -phylogenetic analysis categorized the under Parasites Most are decomposers or parasites Eg Phytophthora infestans: causes potato blight Phtophthora ramorum: causes oak death
35
Rhizaria ->
Cercozoans Forams Radiolarians
36
Rhizaria
Includes several types of amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Eg Globigernina
37
Pseudopodia
Cytoplasmic projections -role in motility and phagocytosis
38
Archaeplastids
Includes plants and some protists groups Protist groups: -Red algae and -Green algae - Chlorophtes and Charophytes
39
Archaeplastids ->
Red Algae Green Algae: -Chlorophtes -Charophytes -Land plants
40
Red Algae
Red colour due to phycoerythrin pigment Eg tropical seaweeds Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dulse (Palmaria palmata), Nori.
41
Green Algae
Chlorophtes, Charophytes Eg Ulva (sea lettuce) Caulerpa (an intertidal chlorphyte) Volvox (a colonial freshwater green algae)
42
Unikonts
Supergroup 4 2 groups: Amoebozoans Opisthokonts
43
Amoebozoans->
Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas
44
Amoebozoans
In Unikonts Amoebas with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia Slime molds Gymnamoebas: in aquatic environments Entamoebas: includes pathogenic species
45
Opisthokonts
In Unikont supergroup Animals, fungi, 2 Protist groups Protist groups: Nucleariids, Choanoflagellates
46
Structure of an Amoeba
Pseudopodium Cell membrane Ectoplasm Endoplasm Nucleus Food vacuole Digestive vacuole Contractile vacuole
47
Entamoebas
Amoebozoa group in Unikont Supergroup Animal parasites (pathogens) Eg Entamoeba histolytica: causes amebic dysentry -3rd leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites -stomach ulcers Acanthamoeba: contact lenses eye infection (keratitis), encephalitis
48
Role of protists in ecological communities: symbiotic protists
Dinoflagellates: role in development of reeefs Wood-ingesting protists: digest cellulose in the gut of termites
49
Role of protists in ecological communities: Phtotsynthetic protists
Major energy producers in aquatic environments
50
Role of protists in ecological communities: Pathogenic Protists
Parasite protists Plasmodium malaria: causes malaria Pfiesteria shumwayae: dinoflagellate that causes fish kills
51
Eukaryotes (domain) -> ____ (Supergroups) -> ___ (groups)
Excavates -> Several protist groups (Parabasalids, Diplomonads, Euglenozoans) SAR -> Several Protist groups (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians) Archaeplastids -> 2 Protist groups (Red and Green algae) and Plant [Kingdom] Unikonts -> Several Protist groups, Fungi and Animal [Kingdoms]
52
What are Chromalveolates and Rhizarians classified together as?
The supergroup SAR clade
53
Where may Chromalveolates have originated from?
By secondary endosymbiosis
54
Supergroup -> Major groups -> key morphological features -> specific examples
Excavates ->Diplomonads and parabasalids -> modified mitochondria -> Giardia, Trichomanas Excavates -> Euglenozoans (Kinetoplastids, Euglenids) -> Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella -> Trypanosoma, Euglena SAR (Chromalveolates) -> Alveolates (Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates) -> Membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membrane -> Pfiesteria, Plasmodium, Paramecium SAR (Chromalveolates) -> Stramenopiles (Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown Algae, Oomycetes) -> Hairy and smooth flagella -> Phytophthora, Laminaria SAR (Rhizarians) -> Radiolarians -> Amoeba with threadlike pseudopodia radiating from central body -> Hexacontium SAR (Rhizarians) -> Forams -> Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia and a porous shell -> Globigerina SAR (Rhizarians) -> Cercozoans -> Amoebas and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia -> Paulinella Archaeplastida -> Red algae -> Phcoerythrin (accessory pigment) -> Porphyra Archaeplastida -> Green Algae -> Plant-type chloroplasts -> Chlamydomonas, Ulva Archaeplastida -> Land Plants -> ——————— -> Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Unikonts -> Amoebozoans (Slime molds, Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas) -> Amoebas with lobe-shaped pseudopodia -> Amoeba, Entamoeba, Dictyostelium Unikonts -> Opisthokonts -> ——— -> Nucleariids, choanoflagellates, animals, fungi
55
Humans pathogenic Protists
Giardia Intestinalis (giardia lamblia) -> gastroenteritis (food poisoning) -> diplomonad Trichomonas vaginalis -> vaginitis (women) and urethritis (men) -> Parabasalid Trypanosoma brucei -> African tryptanosomiasis (sleeping disease) -> Kinetoplastid Euglenozoan Trypanosome cruzi -> American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease) -> Kinetoplastid Euglenozoan Plasmodium malariae -> Malaria -> Apicomplexan Alveolate Toxoplasma gondii -> Toxoplasmosis -> Apicomplexan Alveolate Entamoeba histolytica -> Amebic dysentry -> Entamoeba amoebozoan Acanthamoeba -> Eye infection, encephalitis -> Entamoeba amoebozoan

MED-109 Biology II ✅ (9 decks)

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