Topic 8 - A Question of Motivation

Question 1

motivation theories

Answer 1

specifically combine variables that predict when people are driven (or not) to behave (or not).

Question 2

Motivation

Answer 2

encompasses what we choose to do (directing effort), how intensely we do it (mobilizing energy), and how long we keep it up (maintaining effort)

Question 3

self-actualization

Answer 3

to become one’s best self

Question 4

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 4

posits three universal needs that must be fulfilled in order for people to function optimally
autonomy
relatedness
competence

Question 5

autonomy

Answer 5

to feel they have choices and are free to decide what, when, and how to proceed, rather than being forced by rules, deadlines, or evaluation by others

Question 6

relatedness

Answer 6

sense of being socially connected and accepted by others; this can take the form of wanting to fit in, following a desired role model, or participating in a broader, meaningful movement

Question 7

competence

Answer 7

the need to accomplish an action with grace and achieve the desired outcome, as opposed to feeling uninformed, or not having the requisite skills or abilities to achieve success

Question 8

amotivation

Answer 8

occurs when the environment stifles need fulfilment

Question 9

intrinsic motivation

Answer 9

occurs when the environment is supportive. instinctive drive to engage on our own terms in situations that are novel, interesting, have value, and are challenging

Question 10

extrinsic motivation

Answer 10

When people are extrinsically motivated, they conform to others’ expectations so as to obtain incentives (e.g., money or praise), even if the behaviours are inconsistent with their own values

Question 11

Values Beliefs Norms (VBN) theory

Answer 11

Values influence beliefs, then beliefs activate personal norms, and it’s this activation of personal norms that is most directly related to behaviour

Question 12

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Answer 12

positions the intention to act as the most direct cause of actual behaviour, and posits that this intention depends on three psychological elements: attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control

Question 13

Expectancy Theory (VIE)

Answer 13

a motivation theory that identifies perceived control as a critical feature of motivation, but defines it differently.
Control is a function of the belief that you have the ability to accomplish a particular action (recall self-efficacy), and the belief that doing so will lead to specific outcomes deemed good, valuable, or otherwise important.
valence
instrumentality
expectancy

Question 14

valence

Answer 14

The extent to which an outcome is deemed “good, valuable, or otherwise important”

Question 15

instrumentality

Answer 15

The extent to which one perceives a link between action and outcome

Question 16

expectancy

Answer 16

The perceived relationship between effort and likelihood of successfully completing an action

Question 17

Distributive justice

Answer 17

whether “outcomes” such as resources are allocated

fairly among people

Question 18

equality

Answer 18

everyone should receive the same benefit or pay the same cost. Everyone, for instance, should have the same access to, receive the same amount of, or pay the same sum for a resource

Question 19

equity

Answer 19

People believe a situation is equitable if their contributions and benefits are proportional to someone else’s. People who put in the most time, effort, or money should get the most in return.

Question 20

Equity Theory

Answer 20

a sense of unfairness brings forth negative emotions and feelings of discomfort that lead us to seek change

Question 21

Procedural Justice Theory

Answer 21

people are more likely to accept an outcome, even one that is lopsided or disadvantageous, if they believe the process used to get to it was fair

Question 22

Interactional justice

Answer 22

being treated with dignity and respect, is especially

important for building trust in ongoing relationships

Question 23

Goal Setting Theory

Answer 23

Goals are a desired end point or future state

Goals are extremely effective since they support all three features of motivation: directing our attention, regulating how much energy to put forth, and sustaining momentum over long periods of time

Question 24

S.M.A.R.T

Answer 24

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time-bound

Question 25

specificity

Answer 25

the ability to break projects down into small, concrete subgoals

Question 26

measurability

Answer 26

Measurement provides information about a project’s starting and end points, as well as the progress made along the way

Question 27

attainability

Answer 27

people need to have the skills and abilities to

perform an action

Question 28

relevance

Answer 28

Relevance is high when goals address local issues rather than those that seem psychologically distant

Question 29

time bound

Answer 29

most effective goals. get people moving (especially the procrastinators among us), and keep people on task

Question 30

Feedback

Answer 30

information about the effect of one’s actions

Question 31

Stage theories

Answer 31

assume that there is a predictable, ordered series of
steps that people go through in the process of changing their behaviour.
Motivation is enhanced by support tailored to the unique demands of each stage.
predecision
preaction
action
postaction

Question 32

precontemplation phase

Answer 32

phase in which someone doesn’t even know or believe that change is necessary

Question 33

predecision stage

Answer 33

people consider the pros and cons of changing, and whether change is feasible. To move forward, a person has to decide specifically what change is needed, and set a goal to pursue

Question 34

preaction stage

Answer 34

when one is committed to change but has not yet acted

Question 35

action stage

Answer 35

in which one makes a plan for how to implement the change and executes it

Question 36

postaction stage

Answer 36

monitoring and self-regulation. Assessing the

effectiveness of the actions and modifying them accordingly will help keep the new behaviour going