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Medicine Year 2 > Topic 8 - Anatomy of the Face and Scalp > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Anatomy of the Face and Scalp Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the vasculature of the parotid gland

A
  • Arterial - posteior auricular and superficial temporal arteries
  • Venous - retromandibular vein
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2
Q

Describe the attachments of the medial pterygoid

A
  • Deep and superficial parts
  • Attachments
    • Deep - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
    • Superficial - maxillary tuberosity and palatine bone
    • Both - ramus of mandible
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3
Q

Describe the function of the depressor labii inferioris

A

Lowers bottom lip

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4
Q

Describe the attachment and function of the frontalis muscle

A
  • Attached to the epicranial aponeurosis
  • Function = raise eyebrows/wrinkle forehead
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5
Q

List the branches of the facial artery

A

Cervical branches:

  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
  • Tonsillar artery
  • Submental artery
  • Glandular artery

Facial branches

  • Inferior labial artery
  • Superior labial artery
  • Lateral nasal branch
  • Angular artery (terminal branch)
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6
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face

A
  • Angular vein runs down side of nose, forms the facial vein
  • Facial vein drains most of face, drains to internal jugular vein
  • Other veins
    • Maxillary vein (follows artery)
    • Superficial temporal vein - drains forehead and scalp
  • Superficial temporal + maxillary = retromandibular vein
  • Posterior auricular vein + retromandibular vein = external jugular vein
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7
Q

Describe the location and structure of the masseter

A
  • Most superficial
  • Deep and superficial parts
  • Attachment:
    • Deep - zygomatic arch
    • Superficial - maxillary process of zygomatic bone
    • Both - ramus of mandible
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8
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the scalp

A
  • Branches of the external carotid artery - superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries
  • Ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid) - supraorbital and supratrochlear
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9
Q

Describe the function of levator anguli oris

A

Elevates angle of mouth medially

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10
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the scalp

A
  • Superficial - follows arteries
    • Superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular, supraorbital, supratrochlear
  • Deep - pterygoid venous plexus, between temporalis and later pterygoid muscles, drains to maxillary veins
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11
Q

Describe the function of levator labii superioris alaque nasi

A

Elevates upper lip and wing of nose

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12
Q

Describe the function of orbicularis oris

A

Purses lips

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13
Q

Describe the positions of the medial and lateral pterygoids

A

Medial is inferior, lateral is superior

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14
Q

Describe the attachements of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A
  • Superior and inferior heads
  • Attachements
    • Superior - greater wing of sphenoid bone
    • Inferior - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
    • Both - neck of mandible
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15
Q

Describe the embryological origin of the muscles of mastication

A

1st pharyngeal arch

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16
Q

Describe the embryological origin of the muscles of facial expression

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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17
Q

Describe the location of the sublingual glands

A
  • On floor of oral cavity, under tongue
  • Borded laterally by mandible, medially by genioglossus muscle
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18
Q

Why is the aponeurosis clinically significant?

A

In scalp wounds, if the aponeurosis is torn through (especially in coronal plane due to pull of occipitalis and frontalis muscles) the wound will gape

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19
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual gland

A
  • Superior salivatory nucleus from chorda tympani
  • Synapses at submandibular ganglion
  • Increases salivation through secretomotor and vasodilator fibres
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20
Q

How are superficial scalp wounds usually treated?

A

Don’t gape, easily treated e.g. with glue

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21
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the parotid gland

A

Auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves

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22
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevates and retracts mandible

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23
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland

A
  • Superior salivatory nucleus from chorda tympani
  • Follows lingual branch of mandibular nerve to submandibular ganglion
  • Increases salivation through secretomotor and vasodilator fibres
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25
What is the function of the muscles of mastication?
Move the temporomandibular joint
26
List the structures which pass through the parotid gland
1. Facial nerve - splits to give 5 terminal branches in the parotid gland 2. External carotid artery - gives off posterior auricular artery and splits into terminal branches (maxillary and superficial temporal arteries) 3. External Jugular - formed by retromandibular and posterior auricular veins in parotid gland
27
Describe the function of platysma
Draws the cornes of the mouth down and out, lifts the skin of the neck up
28
List the salivary glands
1. Parotid 2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual
29
Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland
* Glossopharyngeal nerve * Synapses with otic ganglion * Auriculotemporal nerve carries fibres to parotid gland * Increases saliva production
30
Describe the loose areolar connective tissue of the scalp
* Separates outer layers and pericardium - allows them to move independently * Scalping injuries = scalp torn off through this layer * Randomly arranged type 1 and 2 collagen bundles
31
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland
* Superior cervical ganglion * Follows carotid plexus to travel with facial artery * Then follows submental artery to gland * Decreases blood flow, decreases secretions
32
Describe the drainage of the parotid gland
Parotid duct
33
Why are scalp wounds often severe?
* Because the blood vessels of the scalp are secured to the fibrous tissue of the superficial fascial layer if they are severed the cut ends don't easily retract - bleed profusely * Loose connective tissue acts as space blood can collect in, small injury can produce large contusion * Veins from connective tissue drain into cranial cavity, infection from surface can spread intracranially
34
Describe the blood supply of the submandibular glands
* Arterial - submental artery from facial artery * Venous - submental vein, drains to facial vein
35
Describe the appearance of the parotid glands
Irregular, lobular
36
Describe the function of the procerus muscle
Furrows brow
37
List the muscles of facial expression
* Frontalis * Procerus * Orbicularis oculi * Levator labii superioris alaque nasi * Orbicularis oris * Risorius * Buccinator * Levator labii superioris * Depressor labii inferioris * Levator anguli oris * Depressor anguli oris * Platysma * Zygomaticus major and minor
38
Describe the innervation of the scalp
* Branches of the trigeminal and cervical nerves (C2/3) * Supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal
39
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the sublingual gland
* Superior cervical ganglion * Plexus on carotid artery * Travels with facial artery branches to sublingual gland * Decreases salivation via vasoconstriction
40
Where do the secretions of the submandibular salivary glands drain?
* Secretions enter oral cavity via submandibular (Wharton's) duct * 1-3 openings at base of lingual frenulum
41
Describe the connective tissue of the scalp
* Dense subcutaneous layer of fat and fibrous tissue * Contains nerves and vessels
42
Describe the function of the buccinator muscle
Accessory muscle of mastication - pushes food between teeth
43
List the layers of the scalp
1. Skin 2. Connective tissue 3. Aponeurosis (galea) 4. Loose areolar connective tissue 5. Pericranium
44
Describe the secretions of the sublingual glands
Mucous secretions
45
Describe the aponeurosis of the scalp
Dense fibrous tissue, from frontalis muscle (anterior) to occipitalis muscle (posterior)
46
Describe the course of the facial artery
Tortuous course - winding, allows for movement of the jaw without occlusion
47
Describe the location of the parotid gland
In the parotid region: * Lateral border - sternocleidomastoid muscle * Medial border - masseter muscle * Superior border - zygomatic arch * Inferior border - inferior border of mandible
48
Describe the function of zygomaticus minor
Elevates upper lip
49
Describe the drainage of the sublingual glands
Secretions drain into oral cavity by minor sublingual ducts (of Rivinus), 8-20 per gland
50
Describe the attachments of the temporalis muscle
Temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
51
List the muscles of mastication
1. Masseter 2. Temporalis 3. Medial pterygoid 4. Lateral pterygoid
52
Describe the function of depressor anguli oris
Pulls angle of mouth down
53
Describe the location of the submandibular gland
* Boundaries * Superior - inferior body of mandible * Anterior - anterior belly of digastric muscle * Posterior - posterior belly of digastric muscle * Hook shaped around mylohyoid muscle
54
Where does the facial artery originate?
Branch of external carotid artery, arises in the carotid triangle
55
List the branches of the external carotid artery involved in the blood supply of the face
1. Facial artery 2. Occipital artery 3. Posterior auriclar artery 4. Maxillary artery 5. Superficial temporal artery
56
Describe the function of zygomaticus major
Draws angle of mouth superior and posteriorly
57
Describe the vasculature of the sublingual glands
* Arterial - sublingual and submental arteries (from facial artery) * Venous - sublingual and submental veins (drain into facial vein)
58
Which nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression
Facial nerve
59
Describe the pericranium of the scalp
* Periosteum of skull * Provides nutrition to bone and capacity for repair
60
Describe the function of risorius
Draws the angle of the mouth backwards
61
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid?
* Depresses mandible * Bilaterally - protracts * Unilateral - moves laterally
62
What is the function of the masseter muscle
Elevates the mandible
63
Why is the temporalis muscle relevant in ENT surgery?
Covered by a tough fascia - can be harvested surgically to repair a perforated tympanic membrane
64
Describe the function of levator labii superioris
Elevates upper lip
65
Describe the structure and function of the orbicularis oculi muscle
* Orbital and palpebral parts * Attached to median palpebral fissure medially * Orbital part function - tightly closes eye * Palpebral part function - blinking
66
What is the action of the medial pterygoid?
Elevate the mandible
67
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland
* Superior cervical ganglion, travels on carotid plexus * Decreases saliva production
68
Describe the dermatomes of the head and neck
* Branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the face * Ophthalmic - forehead, centre of nose, upper eyelids * Maxillary - cheeks, lower eyelids, upper lip * Mandibular - jaw, lower lip * C2 - side of jaw, ears, superior part of scalp * C3 - bottom of scalp, top of neck (under jaw) * C4/5/6 - continues down neck

Medicine Year 2 (41 decks)

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