Topic 8 - CELL PHYSIOLOGY II

Question 1

overview

• cells = living ______ _____ of body
• chemical processes __ ____ (performed by cells) = __________
  
  • ___________ = building molecules
  • catabolism = __________ of molecules

Answer 1

• cells = living building blocks of body
• chemical processes in body (performed by cells) = metabolism
  
  • anabolism = building molecules
  • catabolism = breakdown of molecules

Question 2

overview

• _____ = ______ building blocks of _____
• _______ ______ in body (______ __ _____) = metabolism
  
  • anabolism = ________ _____
  • ________ = breakdown of molecules

Answer 2

• cells = living building blocks of body
• chemical processes in body (performed by cells) = metabolism
  
  • anabolism = building molecules
  • catabolism = breakdown of molecules

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

building molecules

Question 4

catabolism

Answer 4

breakdown of molecules

Question 5

overview

no hints

Answer 5

• cells = living building blocks of body
• chemical processes in body (performed by cells) = metabolism
  
  • anabolism = building molecules
  • catabolism = breakdown of molecules

Question 6

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis

proteins can be???

Answer 6

proteins can be enzymes, structural, etc.

Question 7

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis

process of protein synthesis involves what?

Answer 7

1. DNA transcription
2. Translation
3. after translation

Question 8

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis

process of protein synthesis involves DNA transcription

DNA ⇒ _________

Answer 8

DNA ⇒ mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 9

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis

step 1

DNA _____ at ____ ___ ____ to expose ____ ____ _________

Answer 9

step 1

DNA uncoils at site of gene to expose gene base sequence

Question 10

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis

Step 1

______ uncoils at site of gene __ ______ gene base sequence

Answer 10

step 1

DNA uncoils at site of gene to expose gene base sequence

Question 11

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: DNA Transcription

step 1

no hints

Answer 11

DNA uncoils at site of gene to expose gene base sequence

Question 12

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: DNA Transcription

Step 2

____ ______ is formed _____ code on ____ ______ to add ________ RNA nucleotides

Answer 12

RNA strand is formed using code on DNA template to add complementary RNA nucleotides

Question 13

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: DNA Transcription

Step 2

RNA strand __ _____ using ____ on DNA template __ _____ complementary ____ ______

Answer 13

RNA strand is formed using code on DNA template to add complementary RNA nucleotides

Question 14

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: DNA Transcription

Step 2

no hints

Answer 14

RNA strand is formed using code on DNA template to add complementary RNA nucleotides

Question 15

DNA transcription

DNA ⇒ mRNA

A ⇒ ?

T ⇒ ?

C ⇔ ?

Answer 15

A ⇒ U

T ⇒ A

C ⇔ G

Question 16

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

mRNA ⇒ _______

Answer 16

mRNA ⇒ proteins

Question 17

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 1

_____ associates with _________

• __ _____ on mRNA = base _____ = a codon (e.g. CUU, ACG, etc)
• each _____ codes for _ ____ ____ (aa’s can have _____ ______ ______ _____)

Answer 17

mRNA associates with ribosomes

• 3 bases on mRNA = base triplet = a codon (e.g. CUU, ACG, etc)
• each codon codes for 1 amino acid (aa’s can have more than one codon)

Question 18

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 1

mRNA ______ _____ ribosomes

• 3 bases __ _____ = ____ triplet = a ____ (e.g. CUU, ACG, etc)
• ____ codon _____ ___ 1 amino acid (__ ____ ____ more than one codon)

Answer 18

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 1

mRNA associates with ribosomes

• 3 bases on mRNA = base triplet = a codon (e.g. CUU, ACG, etc)
• each codon codes for 1 amino acid (aa’s can have more than one codon)

Question 19

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 1

no hints

Answer 19

mRNA associates with ribosomes

• 3 bases on mRNA = base triplet = a codon (e.g. CUU, ACG, etc)
• each codon codes for 1 amino acid (aa’s can have more than one codon)

Question 20

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 2

_____________ with attached __ and ________ (complimentary ______ to codon) binds to ______ ___

Answer 20

transfer RNA (tRNA) with attached aa and anticodon (complimentary bases to codon) binds to matching RNA

Question 21

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 2

transfer RNA (tRNA) ____ ______ aa and anticodon (_________ bases __ ______) ______ to matching RNA

Answer 21

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 2

transfer RNA (tRNA) with attached aa and anticodon (complimentary bases to codon) binds to matching RNA

Question 22

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 2

no hints

Answer 22

transfer RNA (tRNA) with attached aa and anticodon (complimentary bases to codon) binds to matching RNA

Question 23

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 3

______ _____ is formed __ ______ aa to growing ______ _____

Answer 23

peptide bond is formed to attach aa to growing peptide chain

Question 24

Basic Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis: Translation

step 3

peptide bond is ______ to attach __ to ______ peptide chain

Answer 24

peptide bond is formed to attach aa to growing peptide chain

Question 25

Basic Cell Processes **Protein Synthesis: Translation** step 3 no hints

Answer 25

peptide bond is formed to attach aa to growing peptide chain

Question 26

Basic Cell Processes **Protein Synthesis** so overall: sequence of DNA bases determines what which determines what for what?

Answer 26

so overall: sequence of DNA bases determines **mRNA sequence** ⇒ determines **aa sequence** for **protein**

Question 27

Protein Synthesis: After translation **proteins produced on free ribosomes** are *released* into where?

Answer 27

cytosol or go to nucleus or mitochondria

Question 28

**proteins released into cytosol or go to nucleus or mitochondria** are *produced* where?

Answer 28

on free ribosomes

Question 29

Protein Synthesis: After Translation **proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER)** are *released* into where?

Answer 29

into ER lumen

Question 30

**proteins released into ER lumen** are *produced* where?

Answer 30

ribosomes on ER (RER)

Question 31

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released into ER lumen * modified by? * transferred to?

Answer 31

* modified by **addition of sugars (glycoprotein)** * transferred to **golgi complex in vesicles**

Question 32

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released in lumen * _________ addition of sugars * _________ golgi complex in vesicles

Answer 32

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released in lumen * **modified by** addition of sugars (glycoprotein) * **transferred to** golgi complex in vesicles

Question 33

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released in lumen * what does the golgi complex do? * further _______ protein * _______ modified protein in _______ and sends to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

golgi complex 1. further **modifies** protein 2. **packages** modified proteins **in vesicles** and sends to **destination**

Question 34

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released in lumen * what does the golgi complex do? * ______ modifies \_\_\_\_\_\_ * packages ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ in vesicles and _______ to destination

Answer 34

golgi complex * **further** modifies **protein** * packages **modified proteins** in vesicles and **sends** to destination

Question 35

* proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) - released in lumen * what does the golgi complex do? no hints

Answer 35

1. further modifies protein 2. packages modified proteins in vesicles and sends to destination

Question 36

*golgi complex packages modified proteins and sends to destination* what destination?

Answer 36

1. cell membrane 2. secretion 3. lysosomes

Question 37

**lysosomes** membrane-bound organelles containing ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ (acid environment)

Answer 37

membrane-bound organelles containing **digestive enzymes** (acid environment)

Question 38

what are **lysosomes** and what do they contain?

Answer 38

membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes (acid environment)

Question 39

enzymes names end in _ \_ \_

Answer 39

ASE

Question 40

enzymes 1. increase what? 2. not used up in? 3. very sensitive to? 4. very \_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. _______ controlled by ______ (proteins) - cell can what?

Answer 40

1. increase **reaction rates** 2. not used up in **reaction** 3. very sensitive to **pH, temperature** 4. very **specific** 5. **synthesis** controlled by **cell** (proteins) - cell can **vary reaction rates**

Question 41

enzymes list 5 characteristics

Answer 41

1. increase reaction rates 2. not used up in reaction 3. very sensitive to pH, temperature 4. very specific 5. synthesis controlled by cell (proteins) - cell can vary reaction rates

Question 42

enzymes example diagram