Topic 8 Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights And State Crime

Question 1

Define globalisation of crime

Answer 1

Increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders

Question 2

Give 3 examples of drugs which are produced in one country then distributed elsewhere

Answer 2

Cocaine
Heroin
Cannabis

Question 3

Where is cocaine produced

Answer 3

Columbia

Question 4

Where is heroin produced

Answer 4

Afghanistan

Question 5

Where is Cannabis produced

Answer 5

Kazakhstan

Question 6

Which sociologists argue that criminal organisations have now become glocal

Answer 6

Hubbs and Dunningham

Question 7

Define glocal

Answer 7

Describes how criminal organisations operate at both global and local levels

Question 8

Describe how a glocal criminal organisations work

Answer 8

They have global reach through international networks but are deeply rooted in local communities

Question 9

Give one criticism of Hubbs and Dunningham

Answer 9

Glocal is too vague a term

Question 10

Which sociologist talks about McMafia

Answer 10

Glenny

Question 11

Define McMafia according to Glenny

Answer 11

Criminal networks now function like multinational corporations

Question 12

What are 3 ways that organised crime emerged according to Glenny

Answer 12

Collapse of the USSR
Weak or Failed States
The Role of Technology

Question 13

How did The Collapse of the USSR cause organised crime according to Glenny

Answer 13

The collapse caused weak government and lack of law enforcement so organised crime filled the gap

Question 14

How did Weak or Failed States cause the emergence of organised crime according to Glenny

Answer 14

Weak legal systems allowed fertile ground for criminal organisations

Question 15

How did The Role of Technology cause the emergence of organised crime according to Glenny

Answer 15

Allowed criminals to communicate across borders and move money easier

Question 16

State a criticism of Glenny’s McMafia

Answer 16

Overemphasis on the role of globalisation in the rise of organised crime

Question 17

Which sociologist describes late modern society as a global risk society

Answer 17

Beck

Question 18

Define global risk society according to beck

Answer 18

Late modern society has caused more risks to the eco system

Question 19

Give 2 examples of how late modern society has caused a global risk society to the eco system

Answer 19

Deforestation
Burning fossil fuels

Question 20

What real life example shows that late modern society is a global risk society

Answer 20

Chernobyl

Question 21

What are the 2 opposed criminologists on whether we should be studying damage to the environment

Answer 21

Traditional criminology
Green criminology

Question 22

Define traditional criminologists

Answer 22

Investigate the patterns and causes of law breaking

Question 23

Define Green Criminologists

Answer 23

Any action that harms the physical environment, human and non human animals

Question 24

Which sociologist identities 2 views of harm

Answer 24

White

Question 25

What are the 2 types of views of Harm according to White

Answer 25

Anthropocentric view Ecocentric view

Question 26

What is the anthropocentirc view of harm according to White

Answer 26

That humans have the right to dominate nature

Question 27

What is the ecocentric view of harm according to White

Answer 27

Humans and the environment are interdependent

Question 28

What was the Bhopal disaster

Answer 28

Chemical leak in India 1984 by a US owned plant

Question 29

Why did the Bhopal disaster happen

Answer 29

As workers failed to follow safety precautions

Question 30

Which sociologists classifies the 2 different types of green crimes

Answer 30

South

Question 31

What are the 2 different types of green crimes according to South

Answer 31

Primary green crimes Secondary green crimes

Question 32

Define primary green crimes

Answer 32

Crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earths resources

Question 33

Give 4 examples of types of primary green crimes according to South

Answer 33

Crimes of Air Pollution Crimes of Deforestation Crimes of species decline and animal abuse Crimes of Water Pollution

Question 34

Define Secondary Green crimes according to South

Answer 34

Crimes that are indirectly related to environmental harm

Question 35

Name 1 example of a secondary green crimes and why

Answer 35

Bhopal disaster because of not following safety precaution

Question 36

What is the normal definition of state crime

Answer 36

Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies

Question 37

How many definitions of state crime is there

Answer 37

5

Question 38

What are the 5 different types of definitions of state crimes

Answer 38

Domestic Law Social Harms and Zemiology Labelling and Societal reaction International Law Human Rights

Question 39

Which sociologist defines state crime through domestic law

Answer 39

Chambliss

Question 40

What is Chambliss definition of state crime through domestic law

Answer 40

Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state

Question 41

Advantages of domestic law definition of state crime

Answer 41

Easy to define and straight forward

Question 42

Disadvantages of domestic law definition of state crimes

Answer 42

They can make laws allowing them to do harmful acts

Question 43

Which sociologist defines State crime through social harms and zemiology

Answer 43

Michalowski

Question 44

How does Michalowski define state crime through social harms and zemiology

Answer 44

Legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those of illegal acts in the harm they cause

Question 45

2 Advantages of the Social Harms definition of state crime

Answer 45

Prevents states from ruling themselves out of misbehaving Creates a single standard that can be applied to different states

Question 46

Disadvantages of the Social Harms definition of State Crime

Answer 46

Harms definition is too vague doesn’t show what level of harm must occur

Question 47

Define state crime through Labelling and Societal reaction

Answer 47

Depends on whether the social audience of that act defines it as a crime

Question 48

Advantages of Labelling definition of state crime

Answer 48

Recognises that state crime is socially constructed

Question 49

Disadvantage of the Labelling definition of state crime

Answer 49

Ignores that the audiences definitions may be manipulated by ruling class ideology

Question 50

Define International Law version of state crime

Answer 50

Any action by a state that violates international law

Question 51

Advantage of International law definition of state crime

Answer 51

Intentionally designed to deal with state crime

Question 52

Disadvantage of International law definition of state crime

Answer 52

Largely focuses on war crimes and crimes against humanity

Question 53

Human Rights definition of state crime

Answer 53

The violation of people’s basic human rights by the state or its agents

Question 54

What are the 4 main explanations as to why state crimes happen

Answer 54

Authoritarian Personality Crimes of Obedience Modernity The Culture of Denial

Question 55

Which sociologist identifies Authoritarian personality

Answer 55

Adorno et al

Question 56

Define Authoritarian personality

Answer 56

A willingness to obey to orders of superiors without question

Question 57

Which sociologist identify 3 general feature that produce crimes of obedience

Answer 57

Kelman and Hamilton

Question 58

What are the 3 general features of crimes of obedience according to Kelman and Hamilton

Answer 58

Authorisation Dehumanisation Routinisation

Question 59

Define Authorisation according to Kelman and Hamilton

Answer 59

When acts are ordered by those of authority normal moral principles are replaced by the duty to obey

Question 60

Define Dehumanisation according to Kelman and Hamilton

Answer 60

When the enemy is portrayed as sub human normal principles of morality do not apply

Question 61

Define Routinisation according to Kelman and Hamilton

Answer 61

Once the crime has been committed there is strong pressure to turn the act into routine

Question 62

Which sociologist states that it was key features of Modern society that made the Holocaust possible

Answer 62

Bauman

Question 63

Name 3 features of Modern society that made the holocaust possible according to Bauman

Answer 63

Science and technology Division of labour Bureaucratisation

Question 64

How did Division of Labour make the holocaust possible according to Bauman

Answer 64

Each person was responsible for just one small task making no one feel personally responsible

Question 65

How did Bureaucratisation make the Holocaust possible according to Bauman

Answer 65

Normalised the killing by making it a repetitive routine job Meant that the victims could be dehumanised

Question 66

Which sociologist talks about the three stage spiral of state denial

Answer 66

Cohen

Question 67

What is are the 3 stages of spiral of state denial

Answer 67

It didn’t happen If it did happen it was something else Even if it is what you say it is it’s justified