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Sociology Paper 3 > Topic 9:Control, Punishment And Violence > Flashcards

Topic 9:Control, Punishment And Violence Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Which sociologist describes situational crime prevention

A

Clarke

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2
Q

What does Clarke state situational crime prevention is

A

A pre emptive approach on reducing opportunities of crime

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3
Q

What are the 3 features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention according to Clarke

A

Directed at specific crimes

Involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime

Aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the awards

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4
Q

Name one example of a prevention method that situational crime prevention would use

A

Target Hardening

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5
Q

What is the aim of target hardening

A

To increase the effort needed to commit a crime

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of target hardening

A

Locking doors and windows
Increased surveillance in shops
Replacing coin operated gas meters with card payments

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7
Q

What’s one method that criticises situational crime prevention

A

Displacement

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8
Q

How does Displacement criticise situational crime prevention and environmental crime prevention

A

As it shows that they do not reduce crime but simply displace it

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9
Q

What are the 3 of the 5 forms displacement can take

A

Spatial
Temporal
Target

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10
Q

Define Spatial in relation to Displacement

A

Moving elsewhere to commit a crime

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11
Q

Define Temporal in relation to Displacement

A

Committing the crime at a different time

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12
Q

Define target in relation to displacement

A

Choosing a different victim

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13
Q

What are 3 criticisms of situational crime prevention

A

There is likely to be displacement

Tends to focus on petty street crime and ignores white collar corporate and state crime

Ignores the root causes of crime such as poverty or poor socialisation

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14
Q

What are 2 ways environmental crime prevention is carried out

A

Zero Tolerance Policing
Broken Windows Theory

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15
Q

What does Social and Community Crime Prevention aim at tackling

A

The Root causes of offending

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16
Q

What’s one real life example that supports social and community crime prevention as successful

A

The Perry pre school project

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17
Q

Examine The Perry pre school project (3 features)

A

Longitudinal study for disadvantaged black children
Offered a 2yr intellectual enrichment programme to 3-4 year olds
By Age 40 fewer lifetime arrests for violent crime compared to the control group

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18
Q

Define Surveillance

A

The monitoring of public behaviour for the purposes of population or crime control

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19
Q

3 examples of surveillance that exists today

A

CCTV cameras
Biometric scanning
Automated number plate recognition

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20
Q

Which sociologist looks at the change of sovereign power to disciplinary power

A

Foucault

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21
Q

3 features of Sovereign Power according to Foucault

A

Period where the monarch had absolute power over people and their bodies

Control was asserted by inflicting visible punishment on the body

Punishment was brutal spectacle e.g public execution

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22
Q

3 features of disciplinary power according to Foucault

A

Became dominate post 19th century

Not govern just the body but the mind and the soul

Does so through surveillance

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23
Q

What reason does Foucault give for replacing Sovereign power with Disciplinary power

A

More efficient “technology of power”
More effective way of controlling people

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24
Q

What does Foucault say is the main purpose of prisons in today’s society

A

Induce conformity through self surveillance and they’re rehabilitating people

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25
What does Foucault demonstrate disciplinary power with
The Panopticon
26
3 features of the Panopticon
Prisoners wouldn’t know if they were being watched Taught people how to discipline themselves Prisoners would act as if they were being watched Taught
27
How does the Panopticon control behaviour
By making them adopt self discipline
28
According to Foucault using the Panopticon who is in control of behaviour
The prisoners themselves
29
3 examples of institutions that also use disciplinary power according to Foucault
Mental Asylums Schools Factories
30
3 criticisms of Foucault
Overestimates the power of surveillance to change behaviour Feminists say CCTV is just an extension of the “male gaze” Accused of wrongly assuming that the emotional aspects of punishments had disappeared in society
31
Which sociologist talks about synoptic surveillance
Mathiesen
32
Define Synoptic Surveillance 3 features
The media allowing the many to see the few e.g Powerful groups fear the media may uncover damaging info about them Public monitor each other through dash cams socially controlling road users
33
Which sociologists argue that a new technology of power is emerging throughout the justice system
Feeley and Simon
34
What 3 ways does Feely and Simon’s technology of power differ from Foucault’s disciplinary power
Focuses on groups rather than individuals Focused on prevention of offending rather than rehabilitation Uses calculations of risks or actuarial justice
35
Define actuarial justice
Calculates the risks of particular events happening to particular groups
36
How is the idea of actuarial justice applied to airport security checks
They’re more likely to check South Asians and Muslims due to them being of higher risk since 9/11
37
Which sociologist talks about social sorting and categorical suspicion
Lyon
38
What is Lyon’s social sorting and categorical suspicion linked to
Feeley and Simon’s actuarial justice
39
According to Lyon what is the purpose of social sorting
To categorise people so they can be treated differently according to the level of risk they pose
40
Define categorical suspicion according to Lyon
Where people are placed under suspicion of wrongdoing simply because they belong to a particular category or group
41
What is one problem of actuarial justice
The danger of self fulfilling prophecy occurring
42
What are the 3 ways punishment can reduce crime
Deterrence Rehabilitation Incapitation
43
Which sociologist states that there are 2 types of justice and these depend on the type of society you live in
Durkheim
44
What are the 2 types of societies main form of justice according to Durkheim
Traditional society- retributive justice Modern society- restitutive justice
45
3 features of retributive justice in traditional society
Vengeful passion to repress the wrongdoer Punishment is severe and Cruel Motivation is purely expressive
46
3 features of restiutive justice in modern society
Crime damages the interdependence between individuals so it must be repaired Restore things to how they were before the offence Motivation is instrumental
47
What do Marxists believe the role of punishment is
To maintain the existing social order defending ruling class property against the lower classes
48
How did 18th Century Punishment fulfil the role that Marxists talk about
By having brutal punishments e.g hanging for W/C crimes towards the ruling class e.g theft or poaching
49
Next to the death penalty what else is seen as the most severe form of punishment
Imprisonment
50
Why do some sociologists view prison as ineffective
As about 2/3 of prisoners commit further crimes on release
51
Define Populist punitiveness
Politicians have sought electoral popularity by calling for tougher sentences
52
What is the current prison population in England and Wales as of 2016
85,000
53
3 consequences of higher rates of imprisonment
Overcrowding Clothing shortages Lack of educational and work opportunities
54
What does Downes argue is the ideological function of prison
To make Capitalism look successful by taking in the unemployed
55
Define Transcarceration
The idea that individuals have become locked into a cycle of control shifting between different carceral agencies during their lives
56
According to sociologists why has transcarceration happened
As a result of the blurring of boundaries between criminal justice and welfare agencies
57
3 forms of punishment other than prisons
Curfews Probation Community service
58
What are the 2 perspectives of victimology
Positivist victimology Critical victimology
59
Which sociologist talks about positivist victimology
Miers
60
3 features of positivist victimology
Aims to identify the factors that produce patterns in victimisation Focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence Aims to identity victims who have contributed to their own victimisation
61
Define victim proneness
The social and psychological characteristics that makes someone vulnerable to being a victim
62
Define victim participation
The way the victim triggered the events leading to them being a victim
63
Give one example of victim participation
Being the first to use violence may make you a victim of homicide
64
2 criticisms of positivist victimology
Can easily tip into victim blaming Ignores the situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation
65
What is critical victimology based on
Conflict theorists e.g Marxism and Feminism
66
What 2 elements does critical victimology focus on
Structural factors eg patriarchy and poverty The states power to apply or deny the label of a victim
67
Why might the patriarchy and poverty lead to certain groups being victims according to Critical Victimology
As it places women and the poor at greater risk of being victims as they are seen as less than
68
How can the state determine who is or isn’t a victim according to Critical Victimology
Through the criminal justice process
69
One negative criticism of critical victimology
Disregards the role victims play in bringing victimisation on themselves through their choices- NEGATIVE

Sociology Paper 3 (11 decks)

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