Topic 8: Transport systems in mammals

Question 1

What are the 3 main parts of the blood circulation system and give their function?

Answer 1

Blood - the fluid in which substances flow from one area of body to another
Blood vessels - tubes in which blood circulates
Pump - to circulate fluid

Question 2

What are the 2 circulation systems?

Answer 2

Pulmonary - carries blood from heart to lungs
Systemic - carries blood from heart to body

Question 3

What does the muscle organ do?

Answer 3

Pumps blood through vessels to all body parts

Question 4

What is the pericardium?

Answer 4

Double membrane
Surrounding heat
Fluid between 2 membranes
Reduces friction with contraction and relaxation

Question 5

What are the differences between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins?

Answer 5

Pulmonary artery - blood away from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein - blood away from lungs to heart

Question 6

Explain the direction of blood flow

Answer 6

Deoxygenated blood from body → venae cavae → R atrium → tricuspid valve → R ventricle → leaves heart → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → oxygenated →
returns to heart → pulmonary veins → L atrium → bicuspid valve → L ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → oxygenated blood to body

Question 7

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

Answer 7

Cuspid
Semi-Lunar

Question 8

Where is the cuspid valve located?

Answer 8

Bicuspid - between L atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid - between R atrium and ventricle

Question 9

Where is the semi-lunar valves located?

Answer 9

Inside the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 10

What is the papillae?

Answer 10

Points where the valve tenons are attached to heart walls

Question 11

What do valve tendons do?

Answer 11

Prevent blood ffrom entering the atrium

Question 12

Explain the atriole systole?

Answer 12

Blood pushed though bicuspid and tricuspid valves into ventricles

Question 12

What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 12

Prevents backflow of blood

Question 13

What are the three stages of a heart beat?

Answer 13

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
General diastole

Question 14

Explain the ventricular systole?

Answer 14

Blood leaves heart via aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 15

Explain general diastole?

Answer 15

Blood enters atria via venae cavae and pulmonary veins. Cuspid valves are open and blood trickles into ventricles

Question 16

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 16

Where heart beat begins
Natural pacemaker
In wall of right atrium
Attached to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve

Question 17

What is adrenaline?

Answer 17

Hormone that stimulates sympathetic nerve – increases heart rate – blood pumped to
body more rapidly – release energy – necessary for body to cope effectively

Question 18

What are the 3 blood vessels?

Answer 18

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

Question 18

Explain how arteries work?

Answer 18

Carry blood away from heart
Blood flows under high pressure
Carries oxygenated blood
Lumen is small

Question 18

Explain how capillaries work?

Answer 18

Lumen is very small
Form network

Question 19

Explain how veins work?

Answer 19

Carry blood to heart
Blood flows under low pressure
Valves present
Carry deoxygenated blood
Large lumen

Question 19

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 19

Carries substances from one part of body to another
Plays an important role in fighting diseases
Helps control and regulate body temp

Question 20

What are the components of blood?

Answer 20

Liquid plamsa
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets

Question 21

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 21

Large cells Unusually shaped nuclei Various roles in immune systems Destroy foreign cells and get rid of dying cells

Question 21

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 21

Carry things around the body life food and minerals

Question 22

What are the function of white blood cells?

Answer 22

Disc-shaped, biconcave cells, no nuclei Contain haemoglobin to carry O2 and CO2 Biconcave shape - large surface are of gaseous exchange

Question 22

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 22

A network of tissues and organs, including lymph nodes and vessels, that helps maintain fluid balance, defend against infections, and support the immune system by transporting lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells.

Question 22

What are the different fluids and where is it found?

Answer 22

Blood vessels - plasma Surrounding cells - tissue fluid Lymph vessels - lymph

Question 22

How are capillaries involved in the lymphatic system?

Answer 22

As blood capillaries travel through tissue, fluid filters out of capillaries – tissue fluid

Question 22

What are the 2 major lymph vessels?

Answer 22

Right lymphatic duct - returns lymph to blood stream via right subclavian vein Left thoracic duct - returns lymph to blood via left subclavian vein

Question 23

What is the subclvian veins?

Answer 23

Carry blood to heart, lie beneath clavicles

Question 23

What is the structure of the lymph vessels?

Answer 23

Blind-ended Similarto veins Thin-walled Semi-lunar valves

Question 23

What is the structure of the lymph gland/node?

Answer 23

Occur in certain regions of body White blood cells found in large numbers Lymph travels through nodes Anny virus is destroyed by the white blood cells

Question 24

What is the function of the lymph?

Answer 24

Helps circulatory system to return fluid to heart

Question 25

What is the function of the lacteal?

Answer 25

Lymph vessels inside vili of small inestines and aids in absorption and transport of fat around the body

Question 26

What is the function of lymph glands?

Answer 26

Vital role in destroying parthenogenic organisms

Question 27

How does the lymphatic system differ from the blood circulatory system?

Answer 27

Lacks pump Blind-ended

Question 28

What organisms push lymph back towards the heart?

Answer 28

Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow Muscular movement during exercise

Question 29

What does it mean when it says the lymphatic system is blind-ended?

Answer 29

Only transports fluid back in one direction

Question 29

What is elephatitis?

Answer 29

A condition caused by parasite that is transmitted from one person to another by a mosquito which causes the lymph glands to become blcoked

Question 30

What can cause cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 30

Smoking Alcohol Overweight Lack of exercise Stress Diet rich in fat

Question 31

What are some heart diseases?

Answer 31

High blood pressure Low blood pressure Heart attack Stroke

Question 32

High blood pressure?

Answer 32

Symptoms: none Causes: medical problem or medication Treatment: medication, eat fruits and vegetables

Question 33

Low blood pressure?

Answer 33

Symptoms: lack of energy Causes: too little circulation in the body Treatment: More water and salty foods

Question 33

Heart attack?

Answer 33

Symptoms: pain, nausea, dizziness Causes: When vessels of the heart get clogged or blocked Treatment: medication, medical procedures

Question 34

Stroke?

Answer 34

Symptoms: Paralysis Causes: blood clot or burst vessel preventing oxygen to the brain Treatment: medication that helps blood clotting

Question 35

What are the treatments of heart disease?

Answer 35

Stent Valve replacement Pacemaker Bypass surgery heart transplant Xenotransplantation