Topic 9 Motivation

Question 1

The factors that direct and
energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Inborn patterns of behavior that
are biologically determined rather than
learned.

Answer 2

Instincts

Question 3

Theories suggesting that a
lack of a basic biological requirement such
as water produces a drive to obtain that
requirement (in this case, the thirst drive).

Answer 3

Drive-reduction approaches to
motivation

Question 4

Motivational tension, or arousal,
that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.

Answer 4

Drive

Question 5

Drives that are related to
biological needs of the body or of the
species as a whole (e.g., hunger thirst sleep, sex)

Answer 5

Primary drives

Question 6

The body’s tendency to maintain
a steady internal state.

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 6

The belief
that we try to maintain certain levels of
stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing
them as necessary.
* Suggests that if levels of stimulation and activity
are too low, we will try to increase them by
seeking stimulation.
* People vary widely in the optimal level of arousal
they seek out, with some people looking for
especially high levels of arousal (e.g.,
daredevils, gamblers, criminals)

Answer 6

Arousal approaches to motivation

Question 7

Prior experience and
learning bring about biological needs (e.g.,
need for achievement)

Answer 7

Secondary drives

Question 8

Theories
suggesting that motivation stems from the desire
to obtain valued external goals, or incentives.
* The desirable properties of external stimuli—
whether grades, money, affection, food, or sex—
account for a person’s motivation.

Answer 8

• Incentive approaches to motivation

Question 9

Theories
suggesting that motivation is a product of
people’s thoughts and expectations

Answer 9

Cognitive approaches to motivation

Question 10

causes us to participate in an
activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any
concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.

Answer 10

Intrinsic motivation

Question 11

Causes us to do something
for money, a grade, or some other concrete,
tangible reward

Answer 11

Extrinsic motivation

Question 12

Places motivational needs in a
hierarchy and suggests that before more
sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied

Answer 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Question 13

monitors glucose
levels and carries the primary responsibility for
monitoring food intake

Answer 13

hypothalamus

Question 13

A state of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their highest potential, each
in his or her unique way.

Answer 13

Self-actualization

Question 14

The particular level of weight
that the body strives to maintain.

Answer 14

Weight set point

Question 15

A disorder in which a person binges on
large quantities of food, followed by efforts to
purge the food through vomiting or other means

Answer 15

Bulimia

Question 15

The rate at which food is
converted to energy and expended by the body.

Answer 15

Metabolism

Question 16

A severe eating disorder in
which people may refuse to eat while denying
that their behavior and appearance—which can
become skeleton-like—are unusual.

Answer 16

Anorexia nervosa

Question 17

The two biological categories of male and female.

Answer 17

Sex

Question 18

In psychology, the characteristics, whether
biological or socially influenced, that we associate with
males and females.

Answer 18

Gender

Question 19

Describes to whom a person is
sexually or romantically attracted: opposite gender
(heterosexual), same gender (homosexual), both
(bisexual), or all genders (pansexual), or not attracted to
anyone (asexual)

Answer 19

Sexual Orientation

Question 20

Ways in how a person identifies their
gender, including self-image, appearance, etc. (male,
female, transgender, queer, non-binary, fluid, etc.)

Answer 20

Gender Identity

Question 21

How one embodies gender
attributes, presentations, and roles (e.g., masculine,
feminine, androgynous, etc.)

Answer 21

Gender Expression

Question 22

Male sex hormones secreted by the
testes

Answer 22

Androgens

Question 23

Female sex
hormones

Answer 23

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 24

Sexual self-stimulation.

Answer 24

Masturbation

Question 25

The view that premarital sex is
permissible for males but not for females.

Answer 25

Double standard

Question 26

Problems that consistently
impair sexual arousal or functioning. Some involve
sexual motivation, especially lack of sexual energy
and arousability

Answer 26

Sexual dysfunction

Question 27

Inability to develop or maintain
an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the
penis.

Answer 27

Erectile disorder

Question 28

Distress due to
infrequency or never experiencing orgasm

Answer 28

Female orgasmic disorder

Question 29

A stable, learned
characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction
by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

Answer 29

Need for achievement

Question 29

Sexual arousal from fantasies,
behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects,
the suffering of self or others, and/or
nonconsenting persons.

Answer 29

Paraphilias

Question 30

An interest in establishing and
maintaining relationships with other people.

Answer 30

Need for affiliation

Question 31

A tendency to seek impact, control,
or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

Answer 31

Need for power