Psych 7 Learning and Memory

Question 1

Accurate awareness of ourselves and the environment

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

Immune support and physiological maintenance

Answer 2

Sleep

Question 2

It refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice and experience

Answer 2

Learning

Question 2

Learning Theory: It posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction/imitation/observation of the person, environment, and behavior.

Answer 2

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

Question 3

Learning Theory: It posits that learning is the byproduct of the association between stimulus conditions (s) and the responses (r)

Answer 3

Behaviorist learning theory

Question 3

an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response (in this case, dog food)

Answer 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

It is a type of learning in which a neutral
stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. dog experiment

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov

Question 5

Is the action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits (in this case, salivation)

Answer 5

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 6

Something that does not naturally produce a response (in this case, metronome).

Answer 6

Neutral Stimulus

Question 7

A stimulus that can eventually, trigger a conditioned response (metrotome)

Answer 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 8

IP: To extinguish a classically
conditioned response, repeatedly
present the conditioned stimulus
(CS) without the unconditioned
stimulus (UCS).
When the CS (bell) was then presented
alone, the behavior rapidly decreased.
The dogs salivated less and less to the
sound, and eventually the sound did not
elicit salivation at all

Answer 8

Extinction

Question 9

Whatever response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of the
conditioning (or training) procedure, it salivates at the sound of a metronome

Answer 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 10

While the response might disappear,
that does not mean that it has been
forgotten or eliminated.
a temporary return of an
extinguished response after a delay
When you ring the bell, your dog runs to
the kitchen and sits by his food bowl.

Answer 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 11

is the extension of a conditioned
response from the training stimulus
to similar stimuli
The dog exhibits the same response
when it hears a small child emit a highpitched shriek.

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization

Question 12

to respond differently to stimuli that
predict different outcomes.
If the dogs did not drool in response to
the trumpet noise

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 13

It is a type of learning when the
learners provide the instrument
by which a problem is solved. It is
also called Instrumental
Conditioning. The process of
changing behavior by providing a
reinforcer after a response. Learning by rewards and punishment. Puzzle box experiment of cat.

Answer 13

Operant Conditioning by Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 14

It is the process of increasing
(strengthens response) the
future probability of the most
recent response.

Answer 14

Reinforcement

Question 15

Two ways of reinforcing a
behavior by ELT

Answer 15

1. Positive Reinforcement - It is
   presenting something pleasant
   after the response.
2. Negative Reinforcement - It is
   reducing or removing
   something unpleasant.

Question 16

These are stimuli or stimulus that
increase the probability that a
preceding behavior will occur again by ELT

Answer 16

Reinforcers

Question 17

2 types of reinforcers

Answer 17

❑ Primary Reinforces - These are natural unconditioned reinforcers
e.g. food, water, etc.) for
reflex responses.
❑ Secondary Reinforcers - These are conditioned reinforcers e.g. money,
praise, treats. These
become reinforcing after
being paired with a primary
reinforcer

Question 18

A stimulus that decreases (weakens
response) the probability that a
previous behavior will occur again.

Answer 18

Punishment

Question 18

Two ways to punish a behavior

Answer 18

❑ Positive Punishment - Presenting something
unpleasant after the
response. Receiving negative
appraisal from your teacher
after being late always.
❑ Negative Punishment - reducing or removing something pleasant. For example, parents remove financial
allowance after a son gets a poor grade in the class

Question 19

ELT: occurs if responses stop producing
reinforcements.
For example, you were once in the
habit of asking your roommate to join
you for supper. The last few times
you asked, your roommate said no,
so you stop asking

Answer 19

Extinction

Question 20

ELT: The more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus, the
more likely is the same response.
When a child is learning to use the toilet
(from potty training), rewards are often
used to increase the desired behaviors

Answer 20

Stimulus generalization

Question 21

ELT: Responding to one stimulus and not another, the yielding of a response to one stimulus and not the other. For example, you smile and greet someone you think you know, but then you realize it is someone else After several such experiences, you learn to recognize the difference between the two people.

Answer 21

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 22

ELT: An external stimulus that signals which a response will be followed by a reward or punishment. For example, you learn ordinarily to be quiet during a lecture but you talk when the professor encourages discussion. You learn to drive fast on some streets and slowly on others.

Answer 22

Discrimination Stimulus

Question 23

He argued that a person’s behavior and the environmental factors that influence it are fundamental understandings of a person’s psychological state. He expanded on Thorndike’s ideas to develop a more complete set of principles to explain operant conditioning. Best known for his Skinner Box Experiment.

Answer 23

Operant Conditioning: Burrhus Frederick Skinner

Question 24

In the skinner’s box, the rats earned food pellets when they pressed a lever or bar and for the latter, pigeons earned food reinforcers when they pecked a response key

Answer 24

Skinner box Experiment by BFS

Question 25

Operant conditioning by BFS: Specific number of responses

Answer 25

Fixed ratio

Question 26

Operant conditioning by BFS: Varying/random number of responses

Answer 26

Variable ration

Question 27

Operant conditioning by BFS: Specific period of time

Answer 27

Fixed interval

Question 28

Operant conditioning by BFS: Varying period of time

Answer 28

Variable Interval

Question 29

The process of guiding an organism’s behavior to the desired outcome through the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior

Answer 29

Shaping

Question 30

Each behavior is reinforced by the opportunity to engage in the next behavior.

Answer 30

Chaining

Question 31

❑ It is a social cognitive approach to learning that emphasized importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. ❑ It is learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model.

Answer 31

Observational Learning

Question 32

Process of observational learning

Answer 32

Procedure - Results - Conclusion

Question 33

Principle of observational learning: You model your behavior after others or imitate others. Other people’s behavior often provides information and establishes a norm or rule.

Answer 33

Modeling and imitation

Question 34

Principle of observational learning: Substituting someone else’s experience for your own. You imitate behavior that has been reinforcing to someone else, especially someone that you like

Answer 34

Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment

Question 35

Principle of observational learning: The belief of being able to perform the task successfully We tend to imitate the actions of successful people but only if we feel self-efficacy, a belief that we could perform the task well

Answer 35

Self-efficay

Question 36

Principle of observational learning: People typically set a goal for themselves and monitor their progress toward that goal. Sometimes people reinforce or punish themselves, just as if they were training someone else.

Answer 36

Self-reinforcement and self-punishment

Question 37

Ability to remember words, facts, and events from the past.

Answer 37

Cortex - Long-term memory

Question 38

The capacity of storing and retrieving of information.

Answer 38

Memory

Question 39

Ability to remember words, facts, and events in short-term memory

Answer 39

Cortex - Short-term memory

Question 40

Ability to process sensory information, crucial to creating memories.

Answer 40

Thalamus - Information processing

Question 41

Our ability to associate memories with emotions.

Answer 41

Amygdala - Emotional Association

Question 42

Ability to transfer words, facts, and events from short-term to long-term

Answer 42

Hippocampus - Long-term memory

Question 43

Stage of Memory: The process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. TYPES

Answer 43

Encoding. iconic (visual), echoic (hear,) gustatory (taste), haptic (touch), olfactory (smell)

Question 44

Stage of Memory: The process of holding information in memory to be processed or used. Only 7 (+-2) information can be held for 0-30sec.

Answer 44

Storage

Question 45

Stage of memory: The process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory.

Answer 45

Retrieval

Question 46

Types of memory: The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. Brief memory. Ex

Answer 46

Sensory Memory. Encoding

Question 47

Types of memory: Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds. Temporary storage of recent events. Ex

Answer 47

Short-term memory. Storage

Question 48

Types of memory: Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. Permanent storage. Ex

Answer 48

Long-term Memory. Retrieval

Question 49

Varieties of Long-Term memory

Answer 49

Explicit/declarative memory and Implicit/nondeclarative memory

Question 50

Memory Strategies

Answer 50

Rehearsal Organization Imagery Mnemonics Overlearning Transfer and training