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Biology Paper 1 > Topic B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material

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2
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Where most of the chemical reactions happen

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3
Q

What are Ribosomes for?

A

Where proteins are made

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4
Q

What does Cell Membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out of cell

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5
Q

What is Mitochondria for?

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place

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6
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

What is the Permanent Vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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8
Q

What is the Cell Wall?

A

Made of cellulose - Strengthens the cell

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9
Q

What does a PLANT CELL contain that an ANIMAL CELL doesn’t

A

1) Chloroplasts
2) Permanent Vacuole
3) Cell Wall

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10
Q

Animal Cell Structure

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Ribosomes
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11
Q

Plant Cell Structure

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell Wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Permanent Vacuole
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12
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Plasmid (small ring of DNA)
  • DNA loop (floating in cytoplasm)

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus

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13
Q

What are examples of Eukaryotic Cells?

A
  • Animal Cell

- Plant Cell

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14
Q

What are examples of Prokaryotic Cells?

A
  • Bacterial Cell
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15
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules, which carry genes.

Found in nucleus

Normally in pairs in body cells

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16
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

Series of stages in which cells divide to produce new cells

17
Q

What 3 things does a cell do before it divides?

A

1) Grows in size
2) Increases the amount of subcellular structures e.g mitochondria, ribosomes
3) Duplicates its DNA

18
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides.

19
Q

Mitosis Pathway?

A

1) Cells DNA doubles
- parent cell, two copies of each chromosome

2) Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
3) Two cells are formed, which are identical to each other and to the parent cell.

Mitosis allows multicellular organisms to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

20
Q

Cell differentiation definition

A

The process by which a cell changes to becom specialised for its job

21
Q

What are 5 examples of specialised cells?

A
  • Sperm Cell
  • Muscle Cell
  • Nerve Cell
  • Xylem and Phloem
  • Root Hair Cells
22
Q

How is a Sperm Cell specialised?

A

Long tail and streamlined head for swimming to the egg

23
Q

How is a Nerve Cell specialised?

A

Long to cover a large distance, and branched to form a network of connections

24
Q

How is Xylem and Phloem specialised?

A

Xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have few subcellular structures, so substances can easily flow through

25
Q

How are Muscle Cells specialised?

A

Long so they have space to contract, and lots of mitochondria for energy.

26
Q

How are Root Hair Cells specialised?

A

Large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

27
Q

Stem Cells definition

A

Undifferentiated cells, which can divide to produce lots more stem cells, can differentiate into many other types of cells.

28
Q

What can stem cells from adult bone marrow become?

A

Many kinds of cells, e.g blood cells

29
Q

What can stem cells from human embryo become?

A

Any kind of human cell

30
Q

What can stem cells from plant meristem become?

A

Any kind of plant cell

31
Q

What are stem cell uses in medicine?

A

Stem cells could produce nerve cells to treat paralysis, or insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes.

32
Q

What are stem cell uses in plants?

A

Produces clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply

33
Q

What is an example of a cell with a large SA : Volume ratio?

A

Single-celled organism

34
Q

What is an example of a cell with a small SA : Volume ratio?

A

Multicellular organism

35
Q

Large SA : Volume ratio benefit

A

More efficient diffusion of nutrients, or oxygen and carbon dioxide

36
Q

Small SA : Volume ratio negative

A

Cells too far from outer surface to get substances in and out

37
Q

Why are exchange surfaces and transport systems needed?

A

Needed so the needs of every cell can be met

38
Q

What 4 things do exchange surfaces usually have?

A

1) Large surface area
(so lots can diffuse at once)

2) A thin membrane
(for a short diffusion distance)

3) An efficient blood supply

4) Ventilation
(gas exchange in animals);

39
Q

What are 4 organs adapted for exhange?

A

1) Leaves
- gas exchange

2) Gills
- gas exchange in fish

3) Small Intestine
- absorption of food molecules from gut to blood

4) Alveoli
- gas exhange in lungs

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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