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GCSE BIOLOGY > TOPIC B5 HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

TOPIC B5 HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

-the regulation of conditions inside your body, to maintain a stable internal environment
-responses to changes in internal and external conditions

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2
Q

state what the automatic control systems are made up of

A

3main components
1. receptors
2. co-ordination centres
3. effectors

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3
Q

how is the internal environment kept stable

A

by using mechanisms called negative feedback
-when the levels of somethin

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

what is the role of a receptor

A

to detect a stimulus

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6
Q

why does the body need to maintain optimal conditions

A

for optimal enzyme action and cell function

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7
Q

what’s the difference between internal conditions and external conditions

A

internal- refers to conditions inside the body e.g body temp

external- refers to conditions outside the body e.g room temp

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8
Q

what is the role of a coordination centre

A

receives and processes the information from receptors then organises a response

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9
Q

what is the role of an effector

A

to produce a response

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10
Q

what are the 2types of effectors and what do they do when stimulated

A

muscles- contract
glands- release hormones

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11
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a mechanism that restores a level back to optimum in a system

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12
Q

Name 2 internal conditions

A

-blood glucose concentration
-blood pH

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13
Q

Name 2 external conditions

A

-room temp
-amount of fluid you drink

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14
Q

Homeostasis relies on automatic control systems.

In what order are signals passed along the control system?

A

receptor➔ coordination centre ➔ effector

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15
Q

where are the coordination centres located in the body

A

-spinal cord
-brain

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16
Q

what passes along nerve cells

A

electrical impulses

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17
Q

homeostatis relies on …..

A

negative feedback
for when the levels of something get too high theyre brought back down, and when something get too low theyre brought back up

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18
Q

If our body temperature gets too high, negative feedback will cause our temperature to

A

decrease back down

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the nervous system

A

to detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and to coordinate responses

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20
Q

Name 4 different parts of a nervous system

A

-Central Nervous System
-Sensory neurones
-motor neurones
-effectors

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21
Q

what is the Central Nervous System composed of

A

-brain
-spinal cord
connected to the body by sensory and motor neurones

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22
Q

what is the gap between two neurone called

A

synapse

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23
Q

whats released across a synapse

A

chemicals

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24
Q

what is the sensory neurone

A

-the neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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25
whats a motor neurone
-neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors
26
what are 2 receptors
-taste on the tongue -sound in the ears
27
what does the central nervous system do
it receives infomation from the receptors and then coordinates a response
28
Characteristics of a sensory neurone
-has a cell body in the centre of the axon - long
29
Characteristics of a relay neurone
-small with a short axon -short and have a small cell body at one end with many dendrites branching off it
30
characteristic of a motor neurone
-cell body at the end - long
31
What does Homeostasis control?
-Blood glucose concentration -body temperature -water levels.
32
reflex actions control what
everyday bodily functions e.g breathing and digestion
33
state the reflex pathway
stimulus---- receptor----- sensory neurone----- relay neurone---- motor neurone---- effector---- response
34
What are reflexes?
Automatic and rapid reactions which don't involve conscious parts of the brain. Involve sensory, relay and motor neurones. Control breathing, digestion, avoiding danger
35
What is the endocrine system?
Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. Blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect. Slower but longer lasting
36
]What is the pituitary gland?
Master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood.
37
Name the key Endocrine glands
Pituitary, -Thyroid, -Pancreas, -Adrenal, -Ovaries -Testes
38
What is the pituitary gland?
Master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood.
39
Blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas produces insulin which allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. -Also produces glucagon which allows glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released back into blood. Negative Feedback Cycle
40
compare type 1 diabetes to type 2
-in 1, the blood glucose rises to fatally high levels as the pancreas doesn't have secrete enough insulin -in 2, the body stops responding to its own insulin
41
how is type 1 diabetes controlled
insulin injections to replace hormone not made.
42
How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?
Carbohydrate controlled diet, more exercise. Drugs may be needed
43
What does Thyroxine do?
Stimulates basic metabolic rate. Growth and development
44
state the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
1. day 1- menustration starts and the uterus lining breaks down for 4days 2. uterus line builds up again 3. an egg develops and is released from the ovary, which is ovulation 4. wall is maintained
45
state the 4 horomes
1. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) 2. Oestragen 3. LH (lutenising hormone) 4. progesterone
46
what is FSH
produced in the pituitary gland -causes an egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries
47
what is oestrogen
-produced in ovaries & main female reproductive hormone -causes lining of uterus to grow -stimulates the release of LH and inhibitis release of FSH
48
what is LH
-produced by pituitary glands -stimulates release of an egg
49
what is proggesterone
-produced in ovaries -maintains the lining of the uterus during 2nd half of the cyle -inhibits the release of LH and FSH
50
what is testosterone
the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
51
how does oestrogen be used to reduce fertility
-can be used to prevent the release of an egg, method of contraception
52
how does progesterone reduce fertility
-stimulating the production of thick mucus which prevents sperm getting through
53
state the 3 processes of the mestrual cycle of a woman
-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary. -Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg. -Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining.
54
state 3 ways to avoid pregnancy
1. sterilisation, cutting the fallopian tuves in a female 2. natural methods, finding out when the womens most fertile and avoiding sex on them days 3. abstinence, to not have intercourse
55
pros and cons of the fertility drug
PROS -helps women get pregnant CONS -doesn't always work, and then could be expensive to keep buying -too many eggs can be stimulated, means unexpected multiple pregnancies
56
how does IVF help couples to have children
-IVF involves giving a mother** FSH and LH **to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. -The eggs are** collected** from the mother and **fertilised by sperm** from the father in the laboratory. -The fertilised eggs develop into **embryos.** -At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the **mother's uterus (womb)**
57
Disadvantages of this
it is very emotionally and physically stressful the success rates are not high it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother.
58
compare nervous and endocrine systems
Nervous system **made up of **nerves (neurones), brain, spinal cord **type of message**electrical impulse **speed of transmission**very fast **length of effect**short until nerve impulses stop **made up of **glands **type of message**chemical hormone **speed of transmission**slower **length of effect**longer until hormones broken down
59
state the process of ovulation
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days
60
Fertility can be controlled by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception. These include:
* oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature * injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years * barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg * intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone * spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct * surgical methods of male and female sterilisation.
61
explain the role of thyroxine in the body
Thyroxine from the thyroid gland** stimulates** the basal **metabolic rate.** It plays an important role in **growth and development**
62
explain adrenaline in the body
produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. -it increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for ‘flight or fight’.
63
what are thyroxine levels controlled by
negative feedback

GCSE BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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