Topic C Flashcards
(38 cards)
what is cell theory?
-all living things are made up of cells
-smallest living unit of structure and function of all organism is the cell
-all cells arise from preexisting cells
what is a cell?
-surrounded by?
-cell is the “building blocks” of living systems that are self contained systems and contain self-sustained systems (organelles)
-is surrounded by membrane/plasma membrane
what do plasma membranes do?
-made out of?
surround cell and most organelles
-made out of phospholipids which are bipolar (hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
the head of phospholipids are?
-the tail?
-the head is the phosphate group, polar, and hydrophilic part
-the tail is the fatty acid group, non-polar, and hydrophobic part
what is the fluid mosaic model and what are the parts of it?
-describes the cell membrane and its ability to move
-contains:
-phospholipids
-cholesterol (staggered between phospholipids)
-proteins (integral and peripheral membrane proteins)
-carbohydrates (CH2O) often attach to outside of proteins = modifiers
what is PM and is it a wall?
-acts to?
-controls?
-what kind are allowed to go through?
it is semi-permeable and not a wall
-acts to separate the inside living part of the cell from outside environment
-controls/regulates molecular transport like nutrients, waste products, signals, building materials, etc.
-small, uncharged molecules like water, oxygen or carbon dioxide
what are the two main molecule transports?
-active and passive
passive transport:
-what is it?
-what kinds are there?
-molecular transport that goes along concentration gradient (high to low) and doesn’t require energy
-diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
active transport:
-what is it?
what kinds are there?
-involves energy and goes against concentration (low to high)
-direct or indirect
-large scale transport
what is dynamic equilibrium?
-molecules are still moving in both directions but the net movement is zero (homeostasis)
what is diffusion?
-examples?
-from high to low concentration to establish dynamic equilibrium, no energy required
-perfume or CO2
osmosis?
-what is it?
-when large/charged molecules can’t move….
-diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane form low to high to establish dynamic equilibrium
-when large/charged molecules (solute) can’t move, water moves instead
what are cellular environments?
-what kind are there? define them
-it explains the area OUTSIDE of a cell
-isotonic: same solute concentration inside and outside cell
-hypotonic: solute outside is lower than inside
-hypertonic: solute outside is higher than inside
what is cytolysis? aka?
what is crenation? aka?
-blood will blow up in hypotonic solution aka osmotic lysis
-blood will shrivel in hypertonic solution and loses its fluid/water aka plasmolysis
what is facilitated diffusion?
-example?
-diffusion of large or charged molecules through a protein carrier that can open and close
-high to low to establish equilibrium and no extra energy required
-protein helper, transporters, channels or membrane that acts as a tunnel
-glucose into cell breaks down for food or Na+ out and K+ in
what is active transport?
-direct?
-indirect?
-from low to high against concentration against equilibrium, energy is required (like going up against a river current)
-ATP (direct, primary)
-gradient-based (indirect secondary)
large scale transport:
whole cell event?
what are the two kinds?
-whole cell event: requires large quantities of energy and proteins to proceed
-endocytosis and exocytosis
-what is endocytosis?
-phagocytosis?
-macrophages?
-(macro) pinocytosis?
-cell eating
-type of endocytosis, cell wraps the PM around object with extensions to be engulfed (phago=eating)
-macrophages: WBCs (leukocytes, lymphocytes) for immune system
-pinocytosis: cell takes in water with dissolved nutrients into vesicles
what is exocytosis?
-reverse of endocytosis to remove waste products from the cell , spits it out/throw it up
what are organelles?
-what are all of them?
-which ones are membrane-bound or endomembrane?
-specialized structure and functions within cells
-cytoplasm (cytosol+organelles), nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus/body/complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell wall
-nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are membrane bound
nucleus:
-membrane-bound or not?
-contains?
-what is inside?
-site of?
-membrane-bound organelle
-DNA/chromosomes
-nucleolus
-site of RNA and ribosome synthesis
ribosomes:
-what is it?
-what are the two subunits?
located?
-small organelles made up of protein and rNA
-translate proteins to read genetic code and assemble them & amino acids into polypeptides
-located free in cytosol and ER
endoplasmic reticulum:
-what is it?
-smooth ER?
-rough ER?
-large membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes
-smooth: steroid hormone synthesis, detoxifying enzyme reaction and lipid degradation
-rough: site of protein synthesis due to ribosomal presence
Golgi apparatus:
-aka?
-what is it is?
-chemically…
-transporting?
-aka body or complex
-large membrane sacs
-chemically modifying proteins through enzyme activation
-transporting proteins to the proper site within the cell
