Topic C

Question 1

what is cell theory?

Answer 1

-all living things are made up of cells
-smallest living unit of structure and function of all organism is the cell
-all cells arise from preexisting cells

Question 2

what is a cell?
-surrounded by?

Answer 2

-cell is the “building blocks” of living systems that are self contained systems and contain self-sustained systems (organelles)
-is surrounded by membrane/plasma membrane

Question 3

what do plasma membranes do?
-made out of?

Answer 3

surround cell and most organelles
-made out of phospholipids which are bipolar (hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

Question 4

the head of phospholipids are?
-the tail?

Answer 4

-the head is the phosphate group, polar, and hydrophilic part
-the tail is the fatty acid group, non-polar, and hydrophobic part

Question 5

what is the fluid mosaic model and what are the parts of it?

Answer 5

-describes the cell membrane and its ability to move
-contains:
-phospholipids
-cholesterol (staggered between phospholipids)
-proteins (integral and peripheral membrane proteins)
-carbohydrates (CH2O) often attach to outside of proteins = modifiers

Question 6

what is PM and is it a wall?
-acts to?
-controls?
-what kind are allowed to go through?

Answer 6

it is semi-permeable and not a wall
-acts to separate the inside living part of the cell from outside environment
-controls/regulates molecular transport like nutrients, waste products, signals, building materials, etc.
-small, uncharged molecules like water, oxygen or carbon dioxide

Question 7

what are the two main molecule transports?

Answer 7

-active and passive

Question 8

passive transport:
-what is it?
-what kinds are there?

Answer 8

-molecular transport that goes along concentration gradient (high to low) and doesn’t require energy
-diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion

Question 9

active transport:
-what is it?
what kinds are there?

Answer 9

-involves energy and goes against concentration (low to high)
-direct or indirect
-large scale transport

Question 10

what is dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 10

-molecules are still moving in both directions but the net movement is zero (homeostasis)

Question 11

what is diffusion?
-examples?

Answer 11

-from high to low concentration to establish dynamic equilibrium, no energy required
-perfume or CO2

Question 12

osmosis?
-what is it?
-when large/charged molecules can’t move….

Answer 12

-diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane form low to high to establish dynamic equilibrium
-when large/charged molecules (solute) can’t move, water moves instead

Question 13

what are cellular environments?
-what kind are there? define them

Answer 13

-it explains the area OUTSIDE of a cell
-isotonic: same solute concentration inside and outside cell
-hypotonic: solute outside is lower than inside
-hypertonic: solute outside is higher than inside

Question 14

what is cytolysis? aka?
what is crenation? aka?

Answer 14

-blood will blow up in hypotonic solution aka osmotic lysis
-blood will shrivel in hypertonic solution and loses its fluid/water aka plasmolysis

Question 15

what is facilitated diffusion?
-example?

Answer 15

-diffusion of large or charged molecules through a protein carrier that can open and close
-high to low to establish equilibrium and no extra energy required
-protein helper, transporters, channels or membrane that acts as a tunnel
-glucose into cell breaks down for food or Na+ out and K+ in

Question 16

what is active transport?
-direct?
-indirect?

Answer 16

-from low to high against concentration against equilibrium, energy is required (like going up against a river current)
-ATP (direct, primary)
-gradient-based (indirect secondary)

Question 17

large scale transport:
whole cell event?
what are the two kinds?

Answer 17

-whole cell event: requires large quantities of energy and proteins to proceed
-endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 18

-what is endocytosis?
-phagocytosis?
-macrophages?
-(macro) pinocytosis?

Answer 18

-cell eating
-type of endocytosis, cell wraps the PM around object with extensions to be engulfed (phago=eating)
-macrophages: WBCs (leukocytes, lymphocytes) for immune system
-pinocytosis: cell takes in water with dissolved nutrients into vesicles

Question 19

what is exocytosis?

Answer 19

-reverse of endocytosis to remove waste products from the cell , spits it out/throw it up

Question 20

what are organelles?
-what are all of them?
-which ones are membrane-bound or endomembrane?

Answer 20

-specialized structure and functions within cells

-cytoplasm (cytosol+organelles), nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus/body/complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell wall

-nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are membrane bound

Question 21

nucleus:
-membrane-bound or not?
-contains?
-what is inside?
-site of?

Answer 21

-membrane-bound organelle
-DNA/chromosomes
-nucleolus
-site of RNA and ribosome synthesis

Question 22

ribosomes:
-what is it?
-what are the two subunits?
located?

Answer 22

-small organelles made up of protein and rNA
-translate proteins to read genetic code and assemble them & amino acids into polypeptides
-located free in cytosol and ER

Question 23

endoplasmic reticulum:
-what is it?
-smooth ER?
-rough ER?

Answer 23

-large membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes
-smooth: steroid hormone synthesis, detoxifying enzyme reaction and lipid degradation
-rough: site of protein synthesis due to ribosomal presence

Question 24

Golgi apparatus:
-aka?
-what is it is?
-chemically…
-transporting?

Answer 24

-aka body or complex
-large membrane sacs
-chemically modifying proteins through enzyme activation
-transporting proteins to the proper site within the cell

Question 25

lysosomes:
-what are they?
-burst…
-merge…

Answer 25

-smaller membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes
-burst inside cell to degrade and recycle components
-merge with vacuoles for exocytosis and elimination

Question 26

vacuole:
-what is it?
-collect?
-stores?
-contains/traps?

Answer 26

-medium-large membrane bound found in some cell types (plants)
-collect H2O through osmosis
-stores H2O, nutrients, or waste
-contains/traps cell debris and exocytoses it out of cell

Question 27

mitochondrion:
-found in what kind of cells?
-what is it?
-where does it get energy from?
-stores it as?
-site of?

Answer 27

-in both cell types
-double-membrane bound organelle
-energy from glucose
-stores it as packets of transportable energy for use around the cell (ATP)
-site of cellular respirtation = production of ATP

Question 28

chloroplasts:
-what is it?
-found in?
-site of?
-how many membranes?

Answer 28

-membrane-bound organelles where plants & algae (protists) collect light energy & transfer it to ATP
-site of photorespiration and photosynthesis
-three: outer, inner and thylakoid

Question 29

cytoskeleton contains?

Answer 29

microfilaments and microtubules

Question 30

what are microfilaments and where are they found?
-characteristics?

Answer 30

-found within cytoskeleton
-actin
-double-helix
-7nm
-flexible & strong
-smaller & thinner & mostly helps cell move

Question 31

what are microtubules and where are they found?
-characteristics?

Answer 31

-found within cytoskeleton
-tubulin
-helical + hollow
-20-24nm
-rigid
-larger and help with cell functions like cell division and transport

Question 32

cilia and flagella are?
-flagella?
-cilia?

Answer 32

-small hair-like structures made of microtubules covered by PM
-flagella: long and fewer like sperm propulsion
-cilia: short and many like respiratory (sweeps dust and bacteria from lungs) & oviduct (helps connect eggs from ovary and sweep it towards uterus)

Question 33

cell wall:
-lacks within?
-what is it?
-provides?
-composed of?
-present in?

Answer 33

-lacks within humans
-optional fence extra outer layer of protection
-provides support for cell and organism
-composed of carbohydrates, protein, both
-present in plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin), prokaryotes (peptidoglycan/murein), algae (glycoprotein)

Question 34

what is an envelope consist of?
-controls?
-made up?
either?

Answer 34

-cell wall and PM
-controls shape
-made up of carbohydrates and protein, sugars (x2) and amino acids (x4)
-either has thick layer of peptidoglycan or thin layer

Question 35

two types of wall:
-envelope 1 consists of?

Answer 35

envelope 1:
-PM=periplasmic space
-wall= p.g lots, teichoic acids
-takes up stain easily to blue
-takes up medicine quickly
-envelope 2:
-PM=periplasmic space
-wall=p.g little, no teichoic acis
-another PM over membrane aka lipopolysaccharide
-no take up of stain at all
-alc will remove second membrane to create a red stain
-needs stronger drug

Question 36

what are the three domain kingdoms?

Answer 36

eukaryota, archaea, bacteria and is based on on RNA content
-1 prokaryotes and 4 eukaryotes

Question 37

prokaryotic cells:
-nucleus or not?
-what kingdom is it called and what is it?
-what are the different types of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 37

-no nucleus
-kingdom monera: unicellular with limited organelles that don’t have membrane-bound organelles, contain ribosomes
-archaebacteria (archaea): ancient-modern organisms that live in hostile environments
-bacteria: modern organisms that live in environments that humans like and can cause diseases

Question 38

eukaryotic cells:
-nucleus or not?
-what does it contain?
-how many animal kingdoms and what are they?

Answer 38

-nucleus present
-contains multiple membrane-bound organelles
-protista: multi/unicellular, “everything else”, grouped based on similarities to higher kingdoms like protozoa (animal like), algae (plant-like), molds (fungi-like), amoeba
-Animalia: multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, multiple membrane-bound organelles, heterotrophic (human, cats, snakes, insects)
-fungi: multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes, cell wall (chitin), multiple membrane-bound organelles, heterotrophic (yeast, mushrooms)
-plantae: everything but the cell wall (cellulose), autotrophic (pine tree)