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Microbiology: Exam 2 > Topic D > Flashcards

Topic D Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what is central dogma:
-what are main concepts?

A

source & order of all genetic information into function in organisms

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2
Q

-DNA is the…
-it is what to pass on the info?
-is what into?

A

-carrier of genetic information
-DNA is replicated to pass on the info
-is transcribed into mRNA

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3
Q

what is mRNA?
-what is it translated into?
-what are proteins?

A

-is the chemical messenger of information
-translated into protein
-proteins are the functional units of life that maintain it (structures, carriers, & enzymes).

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4
Q

where is DNA typically found in humans? where is RNA and protein?

A

-enclosed into nucleus and RNA and protein in cytosol

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5
Q

DNA cycle
what is replication?
-what is transcription?
-what is translation?

A

-needs to be replicated with high accuracy
-DNA to RNA
-RNA to protein; then restarts to replication through polymerase

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6
Q

what do proteins impact?

A

muscles, skin, hair, fingernails, claws (collagen, keratin), pepsin (digestive enzyme in stomach), insulin

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7
Q

what are amino acids?
-how many are there? essential?
-each one is?
-some like?
-some?
a chain of a.a is called?

A

smallest unit of proteins
there are only 20, 9 essential ones
each one is different
some like water and dissolve in it
some fear water separate from it
a chain of amino acid is a polypeptide

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8
Q

what determines the type of amino acid is present?
-what are the different structures of proteins?

A

-the R-group determines the type of a.a
-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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9
Q

primary proteins:
-structure?
-arrangement?

A

-sequence of a.a the is the backbone of a peptide chain/protein

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10
Q

secondary protein: aka?
-arrangement?
-held by?
-how are polypeptide chains arranged?
-where are H bonds?
-where are R-groups?
-typically?

A

-aka alpha helix
-3D arrangement of a.a with polypeptide chain in a corkscrew shape
-held by H-bonds between NH and C=O
-polypeptides are arranged side by side
-H bonds form between chains
-R groups of extend above and below the sheet
-typically of fibrous proteins like silk

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11
Q

tertiary structure:
-shape?
-cross links between?
-examples

A

-shape of a protein due to function group interaction from each chain
-cross links between R groups of a.a in chain
-disulfide, ionic, H bonds, hydrophobic

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12
Q

quaternary structure:
-what is it?
-example?

A

-protein assembly with two or more chains
-hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides chains

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13
Q

globular vs fibrous

A

globular is spherical, consists of insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies
fibrous is long, thin fibers like hair, wool ,skin, nails made up of collagen

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14
Q

denaturation:
-what is it?
-examples and their function

A

-disruption of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure
-heat/organics: break apart H-bonds and disrupt hydrophobic attractions
-acids/bases: break H-bonds between R-groups and ionic bonds
-heavy metal ions: react w S-S bonds to form solids
-agitation: stretches chain until bonds break through shaking

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15
Q

denaturation in everyday life

A

-boiling an egg
-wiping skin w alcohol
-cooking food to destroy E-coli
-heat used to cauterize blood vessels
-autoclave sterilize instruments
-milk heated to make yogurt

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16
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

recurring monomeric units of nucleic acids (which make genetic material)
-nucleic aids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides

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17
Q

what are genes?
what are genome?
-how many cells do humans have?
-how many pairs of chromosomes?
-how long is human DNA?
-how many DNA subunits are there?

A

-genes are sequence of DNA nucleotides that are for one protein (trait)
-genome is collection of genes in an organism
-around 40-80 trillion cells
-23 pairs of chromosomes
-2 meters of DNA
-3 billion DNA subunits

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18
Q

e-coli cell:
-how many chromosomes?
-what size is it?
-how many bases?
-how many genes/proteins?

A

-one chromosome
-1.8um
-5.2 million bases
-5000 genes=5000 proteins

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19
Q

central dogma:
-DNA info is?
-DNA leads?
-proteins are?

A

-DNA info is in the form of specific sequences of bases along the DNA strands
-DNA leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins through sequences of DNA called genes
-proteins are links between genotype & phenotype

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20
Q

microbial genetics:
-inheritance is how?
-RNA does what?
-nucleotide is made up of?

A

-how traits (proteins+genes) are passed on in subsequent generations
-RNA decodes stuff
-nitrogenous base + carbohydrates + 3 phosphate

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21
Q

DNA sugar:
-DNA structure allows?
-what is the sugar called?
-how many nitrogenous bases?

A

-allows efficient storage of genetic info
-deoxyribose because it lacks an oxygen on C2 of pentose
-four bases

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22
Q

where do the phosphate group attach in DNA?
-where do bases attach to? what are the two types?

A

-1 to 3 will attach to C5
-attach at C1: purines (adenine & guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine & thymine)

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23
Q

what are the properties of DNA?

A

-polarity, strandedness, anti-parallelicity and complementary

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24
Q

what determines strandedness qualities?

A

-bases: A,T,C,G

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25
dehydration synthesis DNA
-double stranded, sugar-phosphate backbone, polar (2 different ends), complementary
26
-DNA polymerization -polarity
nucleotides bond together by dehydration reactions -polarity: results of polymerization is a single strand of DNA with two different ends, OH on last nucleotide, phosphate on first
27
strandedness: -what is it and its function?
-double stranded of DNA for stability and protection
28
what's Chargaff's Rule?
-the number of A = number of T number of G = number of C -G-C is stronger pair pair due to 3 H bonding -A-T only has 2 H bonds
29
antiparallel
two strands of DNA base-pair w each other -template strand -coding strand 5' to 3' or 3' to 5'
30
chromosome: -isolates in? -eukaryotic chromosome is? how many copies presented? -what kind of proteins do eukaryotes use? like?
-isolates in DNA -eukaryotic chromosome is linear. there are two copies present (diploid) -DNA double stranded helix is extremely long -positive charged proteins like histones which wind double stranded helix around to compact it
31
what is super coiled? -when dividing is about to happen, what do chromosomes look like?
-winding up a lot of chromosomes to eventually a compacted DNA (chromosome) -looks like an X
32
what percent is extra-nuclear DNA -how are inactive DNA activated?
-5 percent -activated by complexes w nuclear DNA products -used for replication of organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasmids (fungi, protista, prokaryotes)
33
prokaryotic: -contains? -chromosomes is in? -use? -structure? exceptions?
-contains archaea and bacteria -chromosomes in cytoplasm bc no nucleus, nuclei region -prokaryotes use histone like proteins (HU) to wind DNA around to compact it -is circular, and has a single copy (haploid) -exception: multiple copies of X some and separate X somes (linear + circular)
34
plasmids: -what are they? -only in what? -composed of? types?
-independently replicating, only in prokaryotes, small portions of DNA (5%) of entire genome, non-essential, advantageous -fertility (F) plasmids: conjugation: gene transfer -resistance (R) plasmids: antibiotic resistance conferral -bacteriocin (B) plasmids: bacteriocin, destroy competition -virulence (V) plasmids: confer ability to become pathogenic
35
DNA function: -holds? -genes are? -essentail
-holds blueprints for construction of all proteins made by cells , sections=genes around 25k in humans -genes are instructions to build specific products like proteins -essential that when cell divides, each daughter cell gets an exact copy of the entire set of chromosomes -missing genes=cell death
36
replication bases: -what happens? -parent---> -each original... -produce? -each daughter
-one cell separates into two -parent into daughter cells -dna must be replicated faithfully for both daughter cells -each original strand is a template -produce two new alternating complementary strands -each daughter inherits one new strand, one old strand: semi-conservation replication
37
replication steps: -what unwinds the dsDNA template? -DNA helicase does? -DNA polymerases? -DNA pol catalyzes?
-DNA gyrase + topoisomerase -opens dsDNA, origin of replication -DNA polymereases (2) reads opened strands -catalyzes synthesis of new strands
38
replication error probability? how long does it take to replicate six feet of DNA?
-1/100,000 one month
39
what does mRNA do? -what does transcription do?
-mRNA decodes blueprint/DNA and turns DNA to RNA -transcription: RNA polymerase uses DNA blueprint and transcribes the info into a language the ribosomes can understood. only reads individual genes, not the entire code
40
what do ribosomes do acorrding to genes?
-build proteins
41
what is rRNA? tRNA? mRNA?
-rRNA: ribosomal RNA part of the structure of ribosome (protein-enzyme to build new protein) -tRNA: transfer RNA functions as helper to bring correct amino acids to ribosomes to build new proteins -mRNA: messenger RNA product of transcription of DNA coding strand aka transcript
42
RNA transcription: -signals? -terminator?
-the promoters at the site of transcription -signal for RNA polymerase to stop process
43
what does tRNA contain? -what is rRNA?
-contains anti-codon -several RNA fragments combined with small proteins to form ribosome
44
what kind modifies their RNA and what doesn't?
eukaryotes modify their RNA and prokaryotes don't
45
capping? splicing? polyadenylation?
-capping: RNA adding G which protects structure -splicing: cutting/editing a piece of RNA which creates a variation, exons are used -polyadenylation: adding A/s at the end which protects RNA
46
capping? splicing? polyadenylation?
-capping: RNA adding G which protects structure -splicing: cutting/editing a piece of RNA which creates a variation, exons are used -polyadenylation: adding A/s at the end which protects RNA
47
what is translation?
process where ribosomes read the mRNA transcript and make a protein based on the transcript -it is energy dependent by BTP
48
what reads mRNA?
ribosomes which reads mRNA nucleotides at a time (codon) -ribosomes build amino acids via tRNA
49
how many possible codon combinations are there?
64 combinations
50
what is redundancy?
backup codes incase read incorrectly
51
translation is what site? what site is initiation?
-site A which accepts a.a through tRNA -site E which exit amino acids to protein polymerize links chain
52
what does tRNA carry? step 1 2 3 4
-carry amino acids 1. tRNA + a.a goes in and out 2. polymerizes 3. attaches to chain, empty 4. moves and kicks out old one
53
summarize: -replication? -transcription? -translation?
-replication: duplicates cell's genome, begins at origin, ends at origin or end of a linear DNA molecule -transcription: synthesizes RNA, begins at promoter, ends at terminator -translation: synthesizes polypeptides, begins at AUG, start codon, ends at UAA, UAG or UGA stops codon
54
regulation of genetic expression: -production of? -constitutive? -facultative? -regulation? -induction -repression?
-productions of protein from RNA -active 75%, meaning they're being used -expressed as needed, dont use these proteins -what proteins to build and what not -induction is building -repression is stopping building
55
what are operons?
they are only found in prokaryotes and produce a bunch of genes at the same time ex: lactose, tryptophan what makes up a operon: promoter-operator-structural genes
56
lactose operon: -what is it? -promotor vs operator? -how many genes are expressed? -if glucose is present? -if glucose isn't present? -if lactose is present and glucose is off?
-it is inducible, turn it on -promotor is blocked by repressor and operator is constitutively expressed, shut down genes -3 genes which transport & catabolism of lactose -if glucose is present, operon is off -if glucose isn't present, operon is still off -if lactose is present and glucose is off, then operon is on
57
tryptophan operon
is repressible, always on unless we don't need it inbolves 5 genes produce 5 proteins to make Tryptophan open is always blocked unless tryptophan isn't available
58
RISC: -what does RISC stand for? -in? -what is it? -what does it do?
-RNA-induced silencing complex -in eukaryotes and viruses -is micro RNA (miRNA) + proteins -mess/interfere w protein expression
59
siRNA: -what does it stand for? -what is it?
-small interfering RNA -synthetic, dsRNA, complexes with RISC, complementary sequences inhibiting DNA & RNA
60
what is a mutation? what kinds are there?
-any change from original DNA nucleotide sequence -large, point and chromosomal
61
large vs point mutations
-large: more than one nucleotide is affected -point: one nucleotide is affected
62
what is frameshift? transposition?
-insertion, deletion, substitutions -2 genes switch places with each other
63
what is a silent mutation?
change in mRNA sequence which doesn't change amino acid sequence of the protein
64
what is missence mutation?
GAA to GUA, changes protein -original sense got a mutation -sickle cell anemia
65
what happens after DNA mutates?
-change in mRNA sequence which causes a ribosome to find an early stop signal
66
what is nonsense mutation?
cuts the strand short
67
what is spontaneous mutation?
-error in replication, repair, recombination
68
what is artificial mutation?
-physical and chemical mutation -mutagens increase mutations by 10-100x evolution selection to detect mutagens
69
physical mutation: -ionizing radiation -non-ionizing radiation
-x-rays which break bonds -UV
70
chemical mutation: examples
nucleotide analogs nucleotide alternating chemicals frameshift mutagens

Microbiology: Exam 2 (3 decks)

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