Topic D - Endocrine system, endocrine Diseases and the eye part 3-4

Question 1

What are the traits of type 1 diabetes? AKA insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

• Young at onset

* Need insulin

Question 2

What are the traits of type 2 diabetes? AKA non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

• Adult onset
• Need diet control,
physical exercise and
oral therapy

Question 3

what is a systemic disease?

Answer 3

involves the whole body

diabetes mellitus is an eg of systemic disease

Question 4

what are the tests done for DM?

Answer 4

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

• Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)

Question 5

what are some complications of DM?

Answer 5

**diabetic retinopathy 
• Kidney failure
• Adult blindness
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Delayed wound healing
• Amputations 
nerve damage

Question 6

what are some diabetic eye complications?

Answer 6

1. diabetic retinopathy
2. cataract
3. blurred vision
4. external ocular palsies
5. glaucoma

Question 7

what are some signs of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 7

• Proptosis
• Increased IOP
• Lid retraction & stare
• Foreign body sensation
• Lid lag
• Corneal exposure
• Photophobia
• Tearing

**last 4 due to proptosis

Question 8

what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

• Weight loss
• Sweating
• Heat intolerance
• Fatigue
• Tachycardia
• Irritability
• Tremors
• Palpitation arrhythmias
• Shortness of breath
high metabolism

Question 9

what are 2 treatments for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 9

Ocular lubricants

Oral steroids

Question 10

What are 4 functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 10

Promote normal cell metabolism
Help body resist long term stressors by increasing bog glucose levels
Reduce unpleasant effect of oedema during inflammation
Reduce pain by inhibiting effect of prostaglandin

Question 11

what are the 4 functions of Glucocorticoids?

Answer 11

1.Promote normal cell metabolism
2.Help the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by
increasing blood glucose levels
3.Reduce unpleasant effect of oedema during
inflammation
4.Reduce pain – by inhibiting the effect of pain-causing
molecule prostaglandins

Question 12

what is Epinephrine (adrenalin) & norepinephrine

(noradrenalin) collectively known as? what is its main function?

Answer 12

they are collectively known as
catecholamines

Function: fight or flight response, cope with
stressful situations

Question 13

what are the 5 effects epinephrine and norepinephrine can have on the body? what is the main function of these effects?

Answer 13

1. Pupil dilated, lens shape change
2. Increase heart rate
3. Increase blood pressure
4. Increase blood glucose level
5. Dilate small passageways of the lungs

More oxygen and glucose in the blood, faster circulation of blood to body organs esp. brain, muscle, heart

Question 14

Where is progesterone produced? what are its 2 functions?

Answer 14

Progesterone
-Produced by the corpus luteum (in ovaries)

Functions:

• Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
• Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

Question 15

Where is estrogen produced? what are its 5 functions?

Answer 15

Produced by Graafian follicles (in ovaries) or the placenta

functions:
1.Stimulates the development of
secondary female characteristics
2. matures female reproductive organs
3. Helps prepare the uterus to receive a
fertilized egg
4.Helps maintain pregnancy
5.Prepares the breasts to produce milk

Question 16

where is testosterone secreted? what is the stimulus for secretion?

Answer 16

Testosterone is secreted by interstitial cells of the testes

Secretion is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (hormonal stimuli)

Question 17

what are the 3 functions of testosterone?

Answer 17

1. Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
2. Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
3. Required for sperm cell production