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APGMD > Topic A - Introduction of human body and cell biology > Flashcards

Topic A - Introduction of human body and cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the configuration of carbohydrates?

A

Cn H2n On (1:2:1)

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2
Q

what are the 3 functions of carbohydrates? give eg for each function and type of carbohydrate involved in funvtion
(PCS)

A

1• Primary fuel/energy source
(eg. Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose)

2• Cell structure such as Cellulose in
plant, Chitin in animal)
(eg. Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose)
* Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) and Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)

3• Stored energy in plants (eg. Starch in potatoes, glycogen in animal)

Polysaccharides 
▫ Cellulose
▫ Chitin
▫ Starch
▫ glycogen
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3
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

As the simplest form of sugar, they can’t be further split or hydrolysed into smaller carbohydrates

usually colourless, water-soluble and crystalline
solids

building blocks of more complex carbohydrates

Eg. glucose, (simple sugar) fructose (in fruits)

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4
Q

what are disaccharides? give eg

A

two monosaccharides covalently linked

eg Sucrose=Glucose + Fructose
(In common table sugar)

Maltose=Glucose + Glucose
(Two glucose molecules)

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5
Q

what are Oligosaccharides?

A

a few (3-20) monosaccharides covalently linked

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6
Q

what are Polysaccharides? give eg

A

polymers (100s – 1000s) consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units.

Complex molecules of with multiple monosaccharide units held by glycosidic linkages.

Occur in linear chains (e.g. cellulose) or branched chains (e.g. glycogen)

Examples: starch and cellulose made by plants.

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7
Q

what are Homopolysaccharides. give functions and eg.

A

Consists only one type of monosaccharide units

Functions:
1. Storage
2. Structural elements in plants (cell walls)
and animal exoskeleton

Examples (locations):
1. Starch (stored energy in plants)
2. Glycogen (stored extra carbohydrate in
liver as quick energy)
3. Cellulose (cell walls in plants)
4. Chitin (outer-skeleton in animals eg.
Lobster, shrimps)
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8
Q

what are lipids and what is their configuration?

A

• Biological compounds that are largely hydrocarbon in nature

When oxidised during metabolism, can yield large amounts of
energy

C H O
1: >2: 1

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9
Q

what are the 7 functions of lipids? give eg

EFPTEHA

A

1.excellent energy reserves
(fat in humans)

2.form the structure of cell membranes

  1. provide padding around organs
    eg visceral fat
  2. provide (thermal) insulation for our body
  3. are essential fatty acids (EFA) Fish oil (eg. salmon,
    cod) Flax seed oil, Almonds, Walnuts, Eggs etc.
  4. involved in hormone synthesis
    eg Lipid hormones such as Testosterone (male
    characteristics); Oestrogen (female characteristics &
    controls menstrual cycle)
  5. Assist in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
    Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamin A. Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K) are absorbed with lipids from
    food into lymph then travel around the body to be stored in fatty tissues and/or the liver. Without lipids, these vitamins can’t be absorbed by the body
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10
Q

what are proteins and its configuration?

A

Proteins are highly complex nitrogenous substances
essential for all living systems.

perform many enzymatic functions, structural and
other roles in living systems.

They consist of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

configuration: C H O N

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11
Q

what happens when a protein becomes denatured? give eg

A

A denatured protein is biologically inactive, and it is usually less water soluble.
The denaturation process is usually irreversible.

Example – if egg albumin is heated, it coagulates to form a white solid (an irreversible process).

Cataract – denatured protein in the eye (uv, aging, etc)

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12
Q

what are the 8 functions of protein? give eg

CSCDRTSS

A
  1. Catalysis (eg. enzyme, maltose, amylase)
  2. Structure (eg. hair)
  3. cell movement (eg. hormone)
  4. Defense (eg. antibody. the blood clotting proteins, fibrinogen and thrombin prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are damaged)
  5. Regulation (eg. insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels)
  6. Transport (eg. haemoglobin)
  7. Storage (eg. Egg/albumin rich sources of organic nitrogen during development.)
  8. Stress Response
    e. g cytochrome P450, a diverse group of enzymes found in animals and plants that usually convert a variety of toxic organic contaminants into less toxic derivatives
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13
Q

what are the 2 functions of nucleic acids? give eg

PH

A
  1. Protein synthesis
    eg RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    -Single stranded (one chain of nucleotide)
  2. Hereditary information (pass on traits)
    eg. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
    - Double stranded/double helix formation
    - Linked through covalent and hydrogen bonds
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14
Q

what is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Plants and animals cells with a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

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15
Q

what is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

▫ Unicellular organism without a nucleus and
membrane
-enclosed organelles (eg. Bacteria)

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16
Q

What organelles do all cells have?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria & genetic materials (DNA) inside nucleus

17
Q

What organelles are only found in plant cells?

A

Cell wall, chloroplast (contain chlorophyll that enable photosynthesis)

18
Q

What are the 3 functions of nucleus?

A
  1. controls cell functions (control center)
  2. Contain genetic materials in the form of chromosomes
  3. Site of transcription – mRNA synthesis
19
Q

What is the function of nucleolus?

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and

ribosome assembly

20
Q

what is the function of ribosome? briefly describe how protein is formed

A

Ribosome synthesize and make protein

protein is contained in small vesicle – received by Golgi body – hold protein into usable shape/bind with
carbohydrate/lipid

21
Q

What is the function of Cytoplasm ?

A

jelly like substance that contains cell organelles

22
Q

What is the function of lysosome?

A

Digestive organelles that break down cellular debris using enzymes.
Important in autophagy (consumption of the body’s own tissue ) and phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria or other material )

23
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Produce energy (ATP) through cellular aerobic respiration (TCA cycle)

24
Q

what are epithelial tissues? what are their functions and locations?

A

tissue that lines and covers all body surfaces

functions:
• Protection
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Sensation
locations: 
• Squamous (lungs, blood vessels)
• Cuboidal (glands, kidney)
• Columnar (digestive tract)
• Epithelial (skin)
25
Q

what are connective tissues? what do they consist of and what are their functions and locations?

A

tissue that has cells and fibres in a matrix

consist of:
• Elastic fibres
• Collagen
• Ground substance

functions:
Structure
• Support
• Defense
• Transport & binds
locations:
• Fibrous (tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
• Adipose
• Blood
• Bones
26
Q

what are muscle tissues? what are their functions and locations?

A

tissue that allows movements through the
contraction of cells

functions:
• Movement
• Posture
• Heat

locations:
• Smooth (involuntary, in digestive tract)
• Skeletal (striated & voluntary, work with bones, attach to tendon)
• Cardiac (Mix of smooth and striated muscle)

27
Q

what are nervous tissues? what do they consist of and what are their functions and locations?

A

tissue that allows for communication through
chemical and electrical signals

consists of:
-Neurons (nerve cells) that has:
• cell body
• Dendritic – receive electrical signal
• Axons – insulated ‘cable’, covered by myelinated sheath

functions:
• Transmit electrical signals
• Allows brain communicate with the body

locations:
-Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nerves (spinal &cranial nerves)

28
Q

what is Hyperplasia?

A

Tissue growth

-More cells are produced

29
Q

what is Hypertrophy ?

A

Tissue growth

-Cells gets bigger (eg. Muscle builder)

30
Q

what is neoplasia ?

A

Tissue growth

-Abnormal growth (eg. Tumor)

31
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change from one type to another

(eg. Smoker, lining in lung changed)

32
Q

what is Atrophy ?

A

shrinkage

- Decrease in cell size/number (eg, elderly)

33
Q

what is Necrosis?

A

death

-Premature death of tissue due to disease or trauma

34
Q

what is Apoptosis ?

A

death

-Remove cells that have done their function or no longer needed (eg. Developing fetus)

APGMD (9 decks)

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