Topic E Flashcards by Devanshi Pandit

diffusion

net movement of molecules from regions of high to low concentrations

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example of a membrane transport protein

glucose transporter (GLUT)

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proteins move molecules across a membrane

membrane transport proteins

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proteins that deliver cargo to target organelles

receptor proteins

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example of a receptor protein

M6P receptors that deliver lysosome proteins

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protein assembly

formation of large protein complexes using pushing or bending forces

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example of protein assembly (bending force)

assembly of clathrin proteins during RME shapes membrane

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example of protein assembly (pushing force)

growing microtubules push against plasma membrane

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protein disassembly

disassembly of large protein complexes using a pulling force

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example of protein disassembly

shrinking microtubules during anaphase move chromosomes (lec 37)

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what type of organisms uses water pressure?

plants

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what direction of movement do single motor proteins move in?

forward movement

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kinesins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

plus end… microtubule

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dyneins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

minus end… microtubule

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myosins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

plus end … actin filament

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motor proteins that can be attached at their tails (double headed) + cytoskeleton proteins

motor protein bundles

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examples of motor protein bundles

myosin (double headed protein) and actin filaments
(cytoskeleton protein)

ex. F-Actins + myosins do cytokinesis of animal cells (lec 38)
another ex. bundles of MTs and kinesins elongate animal cells during anaphase (lec 35)

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net movement of water molecules

osmosis

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cell movement in plants when there is rapid changes in water pressure

use ion channels (gated), if opened, water will follow the ions

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example of rapid change in water pressure

Venus Flytrap (catching prey)

insect touches hairs
action potential
gated ion channels open
Ca 2+ enters outer cells
water enters outer cells

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example of cell movement in plants when there is gradual changes in water pressure

Squirting Cucumber (dispersing seeds)
1. decomposition of fruit interior (fruit reaches 27 atm)
2. weakening of attachment point
(seeds travel up to 6 m)

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during cell decomposition water will?

enter

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functions of plant colour

photosynthesis
pollen/seed dispersal
protection
mutant appearance preferred by people

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small organic molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light

plant pigments

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pigments use ____ mixing

subtractive

green plant pigment

chlorophyll - in chloroplasts - photosynthesis

orange/red plant pigment

carotenoids - some in chloroplasts (photosynthesis) - chromoplasts (colour)

red/purple/blue/ plant pigment

anthocyanins | - central vacuole

function of pigments

- colour | - UV protection (UV makes reactive oxygen species)

purpose of leaves

photosynthesis and gas exchange

structures of leaves

- broad leaves - needles - conifer (needles and cones) - deciduous (sheds leaves in autumn)

what colour are plants with defective chloroplasts?

green with some white (ex. tapioca plant)

what colour are plants with no chloroplasts?

entirely white (ghost plants that feed on other plants)

are venus flytraps photoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs?

photoautotrophs because they eat insects for nitrogen

reason for color change of green to orange/yellow

removal of chlorophylls (contain valuable nitrogen, needs to be salvaged), revealing carotenoids (don't have nitrogen)

reason for color change of green to red

synthesis of new anthocyanins during chlorophyll removal

purpose of flowers

pollen dispersal using birds, bats and insects

do male or female flowers produce the same or different amounts of nectar?

female flowers produce more since male flowers contain the pollen (need to have animals go to both flowers)

structures of flowers

- single flowers ex. petunias - flower clusters (inflorescences) ex. asters - flowers + leaves ex. pointsettias

how do flowers attract animals?

- colour for birds and bees | - scent for beetles, nocturnal animals

how do flowers change colour?

1. central vacuoles are acidic because of ATP powered proton pumps 2. petal cells expand when water enters central vacuole 3. central vacuole contains some pH sensitive pigments

NHXI is a H+ powered K+ ___ transporter that moves K+ ions ___ the central vacuole

antiport... into

purpose of fruits

seed dispersal using hungry animals

colours of fruit

immature fruit is green to synthesize sugars, mature fruit is red/orange/yellow/purple to attract animals (chloroplasts change into chromoplasts)

purpose of roots

anchor plant in ground, obtain water/minerals and storage. Usually unpigmented

mutant strains of potatoes and carrots make? (2 pigments)

carotenoids and anthocyanins

the mechanisms of cell crawling are due to?

actin and actin-binding proteins

2 examples of cells that use cell crawling and phagocytosis

amoeba and neutrophils (WBCs) both eat bacteria for food (WBCs also use bacteria for defence)

young neurons use cell crawling to ___ their axons to contact a target cell

extend

steps of cell crawling

1. detection 2. extension 3. retraction

in the detection stage, diffusible molecules are used by what cells?

amoeba and WBCs

what type of projections are seen in amoebas and neurons during the extension stage?

large projections on amoebas and small projections on neuron growth cones

what mechanism is used for the extension stage?

protein assembly (pushing force)

what is dismantled in the retraction stage?

F-actin (back to G-actin)

what is used to contract the back of the cell?

contraction bundles

what speeds up to process of G-actin -> F-actin

activated profilins

what happens to unsuccessful amoebas, neutrophils and neurons?

amoeba and neutrophils go hungry, neurons are killed

3 types of human muscle cells

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

contents of a muscle cell/fibre

nuclei, myofibrils, sarcomere (actin + myosin), ER (store calcium, mitochondria, glycogen + lipids (fuel)

long cells are formed by

cell fusion (muscle cells) or cell growth (neurons)

what fuses to make muscle cells (myocytes)?

myoblasts

sarcomere structure

Z discs attached at each end, actin filaments attached to Z disc by their plus ends, myosins between each pair of Z discs, titins connect the thick filaments (~300 myosins) to the Z discs, tropomyosins conceal the myosin binding sites on actin filaments, troponin complexes regulate tropomyosin

these myosins are ___-headed, _____-end directed, actin associated motor proteins

double.... plus

contraction steps

1. resting muscle cell tropomyosins in the way 2. the thin filament is activated [Ca2+] increases, troponins activated, tropomyosins moved 3. thick filament activated myosins take turns walking along actin filaments (5 steps per second) 4. sarcomere contracts myosins pull Z discs together (3 μm to 2 μm long) 5. the whole cell contracts reason why muscle cells have stripes

as sarcomeres contract which bands shrink?

light bands

Topic E Flashcards

(65 cards)