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Inman1 > Topic E Nutrition And Supporting Sciences > Flashcards

Topic E Nutrition And Supporting Sciences Flashcards

0
Q

Regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation. Influences physical and mental growth. Stimulates liver glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis

A

Thyroxine

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1
Q

Coenzyme-Enzyme activators include some vitamins. ___,___,___,___ Are needed for energy production

A

Pantothenic acid thiamin riboflavin niacin

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2
Q

Basil energy expenditure in a tropical climate ___-___% increase

Caffeine alcohol nicotine stimulate metabolic rate ___-___%

A

5 to 20%

7-15%

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3
Q

The basal metabolic rate is affected primarily by:

A

Sex (women 5-10% lower) age (0-2 years highest) body composition/body surface area, endocrine glands (thyroid)

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4
Q

Measures activity of thyroid gland

A

PBI protein-bound iodine
When PBI is elevated BMR is elevated
Not a nutritional assessment parameter

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5
Q

Measures he produced in respiration chamber (limited usefulness)

A

Direct calorimetry

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6
Q

Measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine (practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy and determining caloric needs) useful with athlete, burns

A

Indirect calorimetry

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7
Q

Respiratory quotient equals

A

CO2 expired/oxygen consumed

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8
Q 
RQ of:
carbohydrate alone
Protein alone
Fat alone
Mixed intake
To decrease our RQ increase \_\_\_
A 
1
0.82
0.7
0.85
Fat
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9
Q

What are the five polysaccharides (only yields glucose)

A

Starch ( Most significant polysaccharide in human nutrition), cellulose (stimulates peristalsis), pectin, glycogen, dextrin

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10
Q

Four types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides sorbitol

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11
Q

In order of sweetness:

A

Fructose, invert sugar, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol*, mannitol, galactose, maltose, lactose

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12
Q

Sulfur is found in which proteins

A

Cysteine, cystine, methionine

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13
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine
TV TILL PMH

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14
Q

Conditionally essential during catabolic stress

A

Arginine glutamine

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15
Q

Precursor for serotonin and niacin

A

Tryptophan

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16
Q

Converted to tyrosine____

Converted to cysteine___

A

Phenylalanine

Methionine

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17
Q

Classifications of proteins

A

Simple- Amino acids

conjugated ( Symbol plus nonprotein substance-lipoprotein)

derived-Fragment from simple and conjugated-Peptide

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18
Q

___% Of protein can be converted to glucose

A

58

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19
Q

____Are low in the Methionine
___ Are low in the methionine cystine and tryptophan
___ Low in the thiamine lysine and has no tryptophan

A

Soybeans
Legumes
Gelatin

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20
Q

Missing in most vegetables

A

Methionine

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21
Q

____ The most polyunsaturated fat

____ The most unsaturated fat

A

Safflower

Canola

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22
Q

A lack of this creates eczema poor growth rate and Petechiae ( Red purple skin spots)

A

Linoleic acid. W-6

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23
Q

If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrate in the diet

A

LDL decrease HDL increase

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24
Q

If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet

A

Total cholesterol decreases HDL decreases

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25
Q

Decreases hepatic production of triglycerides has little effect on total cholesterol levels. Retinal function and brain development

A

Alpha linolenic w-3

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26
Q

The location of the first double bond is counted from the ____ end of the fatty acid and is designated by the ____

A 
Methyl end (CH3)
Omega
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27
Q

Nomenclature for linoleic acid

A

C18:2w6

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28
Q

Nomenclature for linolenic acid

A

C18:3w3

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29
Q

Saturated fats in order of predominance

A

Coconut oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butte,r beef tallow, palm oil

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30
Q

Medium chain triglycerides are saturated fatty acids between __-__ carbons naturally found it milk fat coconut oil and palm kernel oil

A

6-12

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31
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

Olive canola peanut sunflower

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32
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

Safflower corn and soybean cottonseed sunflower

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33
Q

Butter fat content

Margarine fat content

A

SAT MUFA PUFA

PUFA MUFA SAT

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34
Q

That’s have less ___ and more ___ than carbohydrates so provides more energy

A

Less oxygen and more carbon ( More carbon atoms for oxidation)

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35
Q

To determine calories from alcohol

A

(.8)(proof)(ounces)

Proof = % alcohol x 2

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36
Q

Winterized oil is clear not cloudy. __,___,___ are winterized ___is not

A

Corn soy cottonseed

Olive oil

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37
Q

What is the toxic level of vitamin A?

A

10,000 IU

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38
Q

A vitamin a deficiency causes night blindness,_____ Which is reversible, ____ Not reversible

A

Nyctalopia

Xerophthalmia

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39
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Yellow orange fruits dark leafy green vegetables cantaloupe fish liver carrots fortified skim milk apricots sweet potato

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40
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes
___
___

A

Rickets which is soft bones

Osteomalacia - Adult rickets

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41
Q

Vitamin E is a tocopherol and is one of the least toxic vitamins it is an antioxidant and it is found in
Vitamin E deficiency causes

A

Vegetable oils whole grains green vegetables almonds

Hemolytic anemia

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42
Q

Vitamin K forms ___ in the liver, Deficiencies can cause hemorrhage affected by

A

Prothrombin

Mineral oil antibiotics anticoagulants

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43
Q

Vitamin B1 Fiamm and is a water-soluble vitamin lost as temperature or pH rises heat-stable in acid lost in cooking. Needed for the oxidation of

A

Carbohydrate. Increase carbohydrate needs increased thiamin needs

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44
Q

Thiamine functions in the metabolism of

A

Pyruvate

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45
Q

Sources of thiamin

A

Pork liver grains wheat germ

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46
Q

Thiamine deficiency causes

A

Bariberi Muscle weakness footdrop memory loss tachycardia. Decreased erythrocyte transketolase. Increased plasma pyruvate

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47
Q

Vitamin B2 is riboflavin and is lost in UV light. It is needed for energy release from ___ And red cell production , Coenzymes
Sources of riboflavin

A

Protein

Liver kidney meat milk

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48
Q

Riboflavin deficiency leads to

A

Cheilosis- Cracked lips
Angular stomatitis- Mouth corner crack
Magenta tongue

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49
Q

Niacin is a precursor to

A

Tryptophan

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50
Q

Niacin functions in the metabolism of

A

Carbohydrate protein fat

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51
Q

Niacin is found in

A

Protein peanuts ready-to-eat cereals chicken rice yeast milk

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52
Q

Niacin deficiency leads to

A

Pellagra, dermatitis diarrhea dementia bright red tongue symmetrical pigmented rash in sunlight

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53
Q

Water soluble ___ is precursor to folate. Functions in DNA synthesis forms red blood cells in bone marrow prevents

A

PABA

Neural tube defects

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54
Q

Sources of folate in the diet

A

Fortified dried cereal liver kidney green leafy vegetables citrus fruits lentils beans

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55
Q

Deficiencies of Folate include

A

Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia diarrhea fatigue

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56
Q

Vitamin B6 is

A

Pyridoxine
INH- isoniazid ( Treats tuberculosis)
B6 Antagonist

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57
Q

Vitamin B6 is a Coenzyme in ____

Increased ___ - ____ pyridoxine

A

Amino acid metabolism, deamination transamination

Increased protein increased pyridoxine

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58
Q

Sources of B6

A

Meat wheat corn yeast pork live ready-to-eat cereals

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59
Q

Deficiencies of B6 include

A

Seizures anemia dermatitis glossitis peripheral neuropathy

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60
Q

Vitamin B12 is__ And is bound by____ in gastric juice

A

Cyanocobalamin

Intrinsic factor

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61
Q

Vitamin B12 is it coenzyme in ____ synthesis forms red blood cells

A

Protein

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62
Q

Sources of B12

A

Liver meat milk kidney eggs fish cheese

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63
Q

Deficiencies of B12

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor

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64
Q

CoEnzyme A- energy

Synthesis of fatty acids

A

Pantothenic acid

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65
Q

Pantothenic acid is found in

Rare deficiency paresthesia in feet

A

Animal foods grains legumes

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66
Q

Ascorbic acid changes ___ into ____into ____which strengthens intercellular substances

A

Proline hydroxyproline collagen

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67
Q

Biotin is synthesized by intestinal bacteria in activated by ___ (Protein in raw egg white)

A

Avidin

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68
Q

Biotin is a Coenzyme in ____, Converts pyruvate to____ in gluconeogenesis

A

Fatty acid synthesis

Oxaloacetate

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69
Q

Biotin is found in

A

Liver kidney egg yolk yeast

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70
Q

Biotin deficiencies

A

Muscle pain dermatitis glossitis

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71
Q

In plants as phytic acid related to sugar contains phosphorous vitamin like factor.
Binds calcium zinc iron membrane structure
Found in the outer husks of cereal grains leafy green vegetables

A

Myo-inositol

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72
Q

Most abundant mineral regulated by parathyroid hormone. Functions and vitamin D acid lactose aid absorption

A

Calcium

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73
Q

Lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

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74
Q

Calcium functions in blood clotting cardiac function, Nerve transmission smooth muscle contractility
Found in

A

Dairy products leafy vegetables legumes

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75
Q

Calcium deficiency leads to

A

Hypocalcemia which leads to tetany irregular muscle contractions

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76
Q

Second most abundant mineral in the body. Part of DNA,___,___

A

Phosphorus

RNA ATP

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77
Q

Sources of phosphorus

Deficiencies rare

A

Meat milk poultry eggs fish cheese animal protein*

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78
Q

Food iron
Absorbable iron
Stored iron( Best for iron status)

A

Ferric
Ferrous
Ferritin

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79
Q

Best source of heme iron

A

Animal foods meat Fish poultry

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80
Q

Non-heme sources

A

Cereals vegetables poorly absorbed absorption aided by gastric juice vitamin C

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81
Q

___ Helps if oxalates are present in iron absorption. __,__,__,__Does not aid absorption

A

Calcium

Eggs tea milk cheese

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82
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Pale tong fatigue anemia spoon shaped nails

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83
Q

Part of chlorophyll 50% in bones 50% in cells

A

Magnesium

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84
Q

( Magnesium ) Protein and fatty acid synthesis stabilizes structure of___
High__,__,__ Increases needs

A

ATP

Protein calcium vitamin D

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85
Q

Sources and deficiency of magnesium

A

Most foods milk bread

rare - tremors

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86
Q

Iodine is a trace mineral part of ___

A

Thyroxine

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87
Q

Trace mineral attached to protein ceruloplasmin

A

Copper-Hemoglobin synthesis aids iron absorption

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88
Q

Sources and deficiencies of copper

A

Liver Kidney shellfish

Rare-Microcytic anemia neutropenia Wilson’s disease-Low serum copper genetic absence of liver enzyme

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89
Q

Antioxidant that cooperates with vitamin E tissue respiration

A

Selenium

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90
Q

Sources and deficiencies of selenium

A

Soil grains meat Fish poultry dairy

Myalgia cardiomyopathy

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91
Q

Trace mineral important in the central nervous system

A

Manganese-Deficiency unlikely

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92
Q

Aids insulin action glucose metabolism with zinc

A

Chromium

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93
Q

Absorption of chromium is enhanced by ___,___

Ultra trace mineral

A

Vitamin C niacin

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94
Q

Chromium deficiency leads to

Sources

A

Insulin resistance

Yeast oysters potatoes liver

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95
Q

Exists with B12 stored in liver maturation of red blood cells related to be 12 deficiency

A

Cobalt

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96
Q

Part of amino acids methionine cystine cysteine

A

Sulfur

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97
Q

Sulfur is found in

A

Meat Fish eggs poultry animal protein*

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98
Q

Component of lecithin transports lipids as acetylcholine

A

Choline

99
Q

Choline is found in

A

Fat in eggs milk liver soybeans

100
Q

As energy expenditure increases the need for__,___,__,__ also increases

A

Thiamin niacin riboflavin pantothenic acid

101
Q

How much insensible water is lost daily through skin and breathing

A

.8 - 1.2 L per day

102
Q

Milliequivalents equals

A

Milligram
__________ X Valence
Atomic weight

103
Q

Atomic weight
Na
K
Ca

A

23
39
40

104
Q

Valance
Na
K
Ca

A

1
1
2

105
Q

What are the extracellular electrolytes?

A

Sodium calcium chloride bicarbonate (HCO3)

106
Q

What are the intracellular electrolytes

A

Potassium magnesium phosphorus

107
Q

Normal ranges
(Cations)
Sodium
Potassium

A

136-145 mEq/L

3.5-5 mEq/L

108
Q

Normal ranges
(Cations)
Calcium
magnesium

A
  1. 5-5.5 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dl)

1. 5-2.5 mEq/L (1.8-3 mg/dl)

109
Q

Normal ranges- anions
Chloride
phosphorus

A

96-106 mEq/L

3-4.5 mg/dl

110
Q

Anasarca is extreme generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to a fusion of fluid into extracellular space. He is associated with ___,___,___ And extreme protein calorie malnutrition- albumin

A

Heart liver renal failure

2.8

111
Q

Lungs control supply of
Hypoventilation:
Hyperventilation:

A

Carbonic acid H2CO3
Retention of acid
Loss of acid

112
Q

Kidneys control

A

Bicarbonate (base) NaHCO3

113
Q

Retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs

A

Respiratory acidosis

114
Q

To compensate for lungs retaining carbon dioxide in respiratory acidosis the kidneys

A

Increase absorption of base

115
Q

A loss of carbonic acid due to increased ventilation leads to

A

Respiratory alkalosis

116
Q

To compensate for respiratory alkalosis the kidneys

A

Excrete additional base

117
Q

Kidneys either produce or retain too much hydrogen leading to an increase in production of carbonic acid or the kidneys may excrete too much base

A

Metabolic acidosis

118
Q

To compensate for metabolic acidosis respiration

A

Increases to remove carbon dioxide due to decrease carbonic acid

119
Q

A loss of hydrogen due to a loss of acid or a increase retention of base

A

Metabolic alkalosis

120
Q

To compensate in metabolic alkalosis ventilation

A

Decreases to retain carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid

121
Q

High H2CO3 =
And is caused by
Compensatory response

A

Respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation, Emphysema
Kidneys increase absorption of base (bicarbonate)

122
Q

Decreased H2CO3
Causes
Compensatory respond

A

Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation anxiety sever exercise
Kidneys excrete base ( Bicarbonate)

123
Q

Decreased HCO3 or Increased H+
Causes
Compensatory response

A

Metabolic acidosis
Increased hydrogen production or retention by kidney, Uncontrolled diabetes, Starvation, High-fat or Low carbohydrate diet

Respiration increases to expel carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid hyperventilation

124
Q

Increased HCO3 decreased H+
Causes
Compensatory response

A

Metabolic alkalosis

Loss of acid diuretics loss of chloride

Respiration decreases to retain carbon dioxide to increase carbonic acid(hypoventilation

125
Q

Weight gain guidelines for overweight female

A

15 to 25 pounds

126
Q

Weight gain guidelines for obese female

A

11 to 20 lbs

127
Q

Weight gain guidelines for underweight female

A

28-40 pounds

128
Q

Weight gain guidelines for normal weight female

A

25 to 35 pounds

129
Q

Calorie needs during pregnancy
Second trimester___
Third trimester____

A

+340

+452

130
Q

Calories during lactation first six months___

6-12 Months____

A

+330

+400

131
Q

High-risk pregnancy pregnant adolescent needs extra___

A

Iron calcium zinc

132
Q

What supplements and how much during pregnancy

A

Ferrous sulfate 30mgs During second and third trimester

Folic acid 400 mcg (Added to 200 from foods = 600)

133
Q

Hormone that develops percent after implantation

A

Progesterone

134
Q

2002 DRI’s recommend ____DHA (pregnancy), ___ (lactation) need for development of fetal Nervous system

A
  1. 4 g per day

1. 3 g per day

135
Q

Normal weight of baby

Low birth weight

A

2500 to 4000 g (5.5-8.8)

Less than 2500 g (<5.5#)

136
Q

Very low birth weight

Extremely low birth weight

A

Less than 3.3 pounds less than 1500 g

Less than 1000 g

137
Q

____Needs the most calories protein water per unit of weight

A

Infants

138
Q

Calorie needs for females/ males 0 to 6 months

A

520 female

570 Male

139
Q

___ Stimulates milk production___ Moves milk through the ducts

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin

140
Q

Breast-fed infants need ____ Vitamin D from birth and ___ Fluoride per day after six months of age if water contains inadequate fluoride

A

400 IU

.25 mg

141
Q

Infant formula needs per day

A

2 1/2 ounce/pound/day

142
Q

Iron needs of the same for boys and girls Up through age ___ So it is at Age ___ That girls need more iron

A

10

11

143
Q

Limit fruit juice 4 ounces each day up to age

A

6

144
Q 
BMI for age percentile start at age \_\_\_
Underweight
Healthy
Overweight
Obese
A

Two
5th to 84th
84th-94th
>=95 or bmi >30

145
Q

Measure head circumference until

A

Age 3

146
Q

What is the RDA for protein during adulthood >=19
Males _____
Females___

A

56

46

147
Q

Herbs botanicals and supplements are regulated by the

A

DSHEA-Dietary supplement health and education act 1994

148
Q

Black cohosh used to ease menopause symptoms may cause

A

Clotting

149
Q

Garlic may lower cholesterol and blood pressure avoid use with

A

Warfarin

150
Q

Ginger is used as a ___. Avoid use with drugs that

A

Antiemetic

Affect bleeding

151
Q

Ginkgo Biloba Is used as a___ Avoid use with___

A

Vasodilator. Warfarin

152
Q

Ginseng is used for ___ May cause __avoid with___

A

Immunity endurance

High blood pressure. Warfarin

153
Q

Valerian root is used to calm nerves avoid with

A

Liver disease

154
Q

The pancreas lies between the

A

Duodenum and the stomach

155
Q

Chemical or enzymatic activity occurs mainly in

A

The small intestine

156
Q

In the stomach is the start of___ by ___&____. Limited continuation of starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase

A

Proteolysis
protease pepsin
HCL

157
Q

What is released from the duodenum when fat enters causing gallbladder to contract releasing violence stimulating the pancreas

A

CCK cholecystokinin

158
Q

Acid chyme enters the duodenum mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions from the pancreas which ____

This allows____

A

neutralizes the acid

Enzymes of the small intestines and pancreas to operate at a more neutral pH

159
Q

Most I gesture is completed by the___

A

Middle of the jejunum. Nutrients absorbed include amino acids fatty acids glycerol simple sugars minerals vitamins

160
Q

The rhythmic movements of small intestines that moves chyme through the G.I. tract

A

Peristalsis

161
Q

Anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end products of carbohydrate fiber and amino acid breakdown

A

Colonic salvage

162
Q

Amylase in the mouth digests carbohydrate into

A

Starch-> Dextrin-> maltose

163
Q

In the stomach protein digestion occurs ( Proteolysis) Because of the action of

A

Pepsinogen plus HCL of the stomach-> Pepsin

Pepcid and acts on protein-> Proteose, Peptones

164
Q

In the small intestines carbohydrates are converted to ____by action of

A

Pancreatic amylase

Starch->dextrin->maltose

165
Q

Intestinal enzymes include

A

Sucrase (Glucose plus fructose)
maltase ( Glucose plus glucose)
lactase ( Glucose plus galactose)

166
Q

Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion are available in this order

A

1) Maltase,sucrase
2) Lactase
3) Pancreatic amylase

167
Q

What is the most glucogenic amino acid? Catabalized to ___ or to Krebs cycle intermediates

A

Alanine. Pyruvate

168
Q

10% fat-____-Can be converted to glucose

A

Glycerol

169
Q

A small amount of glucose is converted into other carbohydrate compounds such as

A

Ribose needed to form RNA DNA

170
Q

Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas induces glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon ( Increase blood glucose)

171
Q

Released glucose from protein through gluconeogenesis

Requires___

A

Glucocorticoid (Protein-> Glucose)
Requires peridoxine
(Increase Blood glucose)

172
Q

Released from the beta cells of the pancreas. Increases so permeability to glucose fosters glycogenesis lipogenesis

A

Insulin

173
Q

Released from the adrenal medulla, Stimulates sympathetic nervous system, Stimulates liver and muscle glycogenolysis, Decreases release of insulin from pancreas during catabolic stress blood glucose rise it

A

Epinephrine

174
Q

Insulin antagonists

A

Growth hormone, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic)

175
Q

Glucose enters the cell aided by insulin it combines with ___in the presence ____of to form____

A

Phosphorus
Magnesium
Glucose-6-phosphate

176
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate proceeds to

A

Pyruvic acid

177
Q

Liver glycogen releases glucose to the blood to maintain normal blood glucose levels this process requires____ Which is not found in muscle cells

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

178
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate may lead to

A

Synthesis of glycogen

179
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate also proceeds through the_____

A

Pentose shunt (side channeling of glucose)

180
Q

The pentose shunt does not require___
___ Is produced
___ Is also produced which is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids

A

ATP
Ribose part of RNA
NADPH (Has niacin)

181
Q

Pyruvic acid can proceed to form___ Used for muscle contractions when energy needs exceed supply of Oxygen

A

Lactic acid

182
Q

Lactate is released from tissue transported to liver and converted back to pyruvate

A

Cori cycle

183
Q

Most pyruvic acid is converted to form

A

Acetyl CoA(Active acetate)

184
Q

____Is the main substrate for energy production within Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate

185
Q

Which vitamins and minerals are needed for the Krebs cycle and what are they a part of

A 
Thiamin (TDP )
niacin (NAD)
riboflavin (FAD)
pantothenic acid (coA)
magnesium
Lipoic acid
186
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

The cytoplasm

187
Q

Tricarboxylic acid Cycle (TCA),Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle occurs in

A

Mitochondria

188
Q

Acetyl CoA comes from ____, ____ and degradation of ____

A

Pyruvic acid (CHO), Oxidation of fatty acids, Carbon skeleton of certain amino acids

189
Q

The intermediate breakdown products of carbohydrate protein and fat

A

Acetyl CoA

190
Q

Fatty acid enters as a

A

Two carbon fragment

191
Q

The TCA or Krebs cycle produces___ Of body’s energy as ATP

A

90%

192
Q

___ Is the main carbohydrate fuel and is used to form pyruvic acid and some amino acids

A

Oxaliacetic acid

193
Q

Oxaloacetic acid Reacts with ___ to form citric acid which starts the cycle

A

Acetyl coA

194
Q

If there is not enough oxaloacetic acid coming from carbohydrate to maintain cycle efficiently, acetyl coA coming in from ___ Cannot be handled properly and is___

A

Fat

Diverted to form Keytone bodies

195
Q

Alpha ketoglutaric acid (From amino acids through gluconeogenesis) Needs____ for decarboxylation

A

Thiamin

196
Q

Full oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields

A

38 ATP

197
Q

Is needed for the transport of amino acids

A

Pyridoxine

198
Q

What are the branched chain amino acids

A

Valine, leucine, isoleucine

199
Q

Exercise releases___ From muscle protein it is transported to the liver damage needed and converted to glucose also during exercise oxidation of ___(___)increases

A

Alanine

Leucine (BCAA)

200
Q

____ Can be synthesized from phenylalanine

____ from methionine

A

Tyrosine

Cysteine

201
Q

Nitrogen balance formula

A

Protein intake (grams)
_________ - (UUN + 4)
6.25

202
Q

What are the three methods to determine the quality protein in food

A

Biologic value
Net protein utilization
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

203
Q

Measures the amount of protein actually used

A

Net protein utilization

204
Q

What is the equation for net protein utilization

A

N intake - N output ( N retained)
_____________________________
N Intake

205
Q

The net protein utilization ranges from

A

40-94

206
Q

Uses nitrogen balance techniques to determine the fraction of absorbed nitrogen retained for growth and maintenance

A

Biologic value

207
Q

Represents an amino acid score after correcting for digestibility

A

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Egg white casein 1; Soy protein concentrate and tofu .99

208
Q

Estimates percent of protein in each food category that is actually digested

A

Protein coefficient of digestibility

(Animals 97%, plant proteins 70-90%

209
Q

Anabolism and is regulated by

A

DNA

210
Q

Catabolism (____ is involved)

First step is____-Splitting off the___ By hydrolysis in liver

A

Pyridoxine
Deamination
NH2(Nitrogenous group)

211
Q

Amino acid->NH2->____

Most of this is converted into ___ Which is excreted by the kidneys

A

NH3 (Ammonia)

Urea

212
Q

Some of the ammonia is converted into___ And some is used to make the nonessential amino acids through____

A 
Purines
Transamination (NH3+ketosis= new aa)
213
Q

The remaining carbon chain (after the nitrogenous group has been removed) is a

A

Ketoacid (It can be oxidized for energy)

214
Q

A ketoacid can either form a

____ or ____

A

Glucogenic ketoacid
Or
Ketogenic ketoacid

215
Q

Glucogenic ketoacids behave as a CHO and ___ or ___

A

Enters EMP (glycolysis) at pyruvate
Or
Enters TCA at oxaloacetate or ketoglutarate

216
Q

Ketogenic ketoacids behave like fat and ___

A

Enters TCA at acetyl CoA

217
Q

All amino acids are oxidized and produce ___&____ Releasing___&____

A

Carbon dioxide and water releasing heat and energy

218
Q

Splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver

A

Deamination

219
Q

Transfer of amino group to a keto acid to form a new amino acid

A

Transamination

220
Q

Which hormones control anabolism?

A

Pituitary growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Insulin, testosterone

221
Q

Which hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A

Adrenal steroids (glucocorticoids-catabolic)-Protein catabolism

222
Q

What are the end products of fat digestion?

A

Monoglycerides diglycerides glycerol fatty acids

223
Q

Short chain fatty acids are less then____ Carbons long and are directly absorbed into____

A

12

Portal blood

224
Q

Mono closer I just diglycerides long chain fatty acids combine with____(Act as wetting agents) To form___

A

Bile salts

Micelles

225
Q

_____(___) Produce lipoproteins which transfer fatty acids out of the liver to prevent fat accumulation. Fat leaves liver as lipoproteins

A

Lipotropic factors (choline)

226
Q

Lipolysis-Oxidation

Oxidation forms___ Which enters____ Which is then oxidized form CO2 plus H2O

A

Acetyl coA

Krebs

227
Q

Hormones involved in lipolysis

A

Growth hormone, glucagon-Insulin antagonist

Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, Epinephrine, ACTH-Increase rate of fat mobilization

228
Q

Hormones involved in lipogenesis

A

Insulin (Anabolic)

229
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetic acid, acetone

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

230
Q

Acetoacetic acid and Beta-hydroxybutyric acid Enter the blood and are taken to the____ Converted back to___ And oxidized as fuel

A

Peripheral tissues

Acetyl coA

231
Q

Normal fat metabolism requires adequate ____for complete fat oxidation

A

Carbohydrate

232
Q

In adequate carbohydrate results in incomplete fat oxidation and___

A

Buildup of ketones

233
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed by___; They include

A

Active transport

Glucose amino acids sodium potassium magnesium calcium iron

234
Q

Uphill pumping from lower to higher concentration across a membrane against an energy gradient

A

Sodium pump

235
Q

Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption

Vitamin D-

A

Bile salts, acidity of chyme* accompanies calcium, phosphorus absorption

236
Q

Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption of B12

A

Ileum, Stomach secretions ( HCL intrinsic factor)

237
Q

Most minerals absorbed in an

A

Acid medium

238
Q

Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption
Vitamin A:
Riboflavin:

A

Bile salts pancreatic lipase fat

Phosphorus

239
Q

Factors that a vitamin and mineral absorption
Thiamin:
E,K:

A

Acid

Bile salts, fat

240
Q

Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption
Calcium:
Iron:

A

Acid vitamin D lactose

HCL Calcium binds (oxalates)

241
Q

Central regulation of food intake

A

Hypothalamus gland

242
Q

The hypothalamus gland act as a satiety and feeding center it has___ Which are thought to regulate the desire to eat. Also regulates___

A

Glucoreceptors

Body temperature

243
Q

Normal range for HCO3 (base kidneys)

A

24-28

244
Q

Normal range for pCO2 (carbonic acid-lungs)

A

35-45

Inman1 (4 decks)

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