Topic E Nutrition And Supporting Sciences Flashcards
0
Q
Regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation. Influences physical and mental growth. Stimulates liver glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
A
Thyroxine
1
Q
Coenzyme-Enzyme activators include some vitamins. ___,___,___,___ Are needed for energy production
A
Pantothenic acid thiamin riboflavin niacin
2
Q
Basil energy expenditure in a tropical climate ___-___% increase
Caffeine alcohol nicotine stimulate metabolic rate ___-___%
A
5 to 20%
7-15%
3
Q
The basal metabolic rate is affected primarily by:
A
Sex (women 5-10% lower) age (0-2 years highest) body composition/body surface area, endocrine glands (thyroid)
4
Q
Measures activity of thyroid gland
A
PBI protein-bound iodine
When PBI is elevated BMR is elevated
Not a nutritional assessment parameter
5
Q
Measures he produced in respiration chamber (limited usefulness)
A
Direct calorimetry
6
Q
Measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine (practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy and determining caloric needs) useful with athlete, burns
A
Indirect calorimetry
7
Q
Respiratory quotient equals
A
CO2 expired/oxygen consumed
8
Q
RQ of: carbohydrate alone Protein alone Fat alone Mixed intake To decrease our RQ increase \_\_\_
A
1 0.82 0.7 0.85 Fat
9
Q
What are the five polysaccharides (only yields glucose)
A
Starch ( Most significant polysaccharide in human nutrition), cellulose (stimulates peristalsis), pectin, glycogen, dextrin
10
Q
Four types of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides sorbitol
11
Q
In order of sweetness:
A
Fructose, invert sugar, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol*, mannitol, galactose, maltose, lactose
12
Q
Sulfur is found in which proteins
A
Cysteine, cystine, methionine
13
Q
What are the essential amino acids?
A
Threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine
TV TILL PMH
14
Q
Conditionally essential during catabolic stress
A
Arginine glutamine
15
Q
Precursor for serotonin and niacin
A
Tryptophan
16
Q
Converted to tyrosine____
Converted to cysteine___
A
Phenylalanine
Methionine
17
Q
Classifications of proteins
A
Simple- Amino acids
conjugated ( Symbol plus nonprotein substance-lipoprotein)
derived-Fragment from simple and conjugated-Peptide
18
Q
___% Of protein can be converted to glucose
A
58
19
Q
____Are low in the Methionine
___ Are low in the methionine cystine and tryptophan
___ Low in the thiamine lysine and has no tryptophan
A
Soybeans
Legumes
Gelatin
20
Q
Missing in most vegetables
A
Methionine
21
Q
____ The most polyunsaturated fat
____ The most unsaturated fat
A
Safflower
Canola
22
Q
A lack of this creates eczema poor growth rate and Petechiae ( Red purple skin spots)
A
Linoleic acid. W-6
23
Q
If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrate in the diet
A
LDL decrease HDL increase
24
If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet
Total cholesterol decreases HDL decreases
25
Decreases hepatic production of triglycerides has little effect on total cholesterol levels. Retinal function and brain development
Alpha linolenic w-3
26
The location of the first double bond is counted from the ____ end of the fatty acid and is designated by the ____
```
Methyl end (CH3)
Omega
```
27
Nomenclature for linoleic acid
C18:2w6
28
Nomenclature for linolenic acid
C18:3w3
29
Saturated fats in order of predominance
Coconut oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butte,r beef tallow, palm oil
30
Medium chain triglycerides are saturated fatty acids between __-__ carbons naturally found it milk fat coconut oil and palm kernel oil
6-12
31
Monounsaturated fats
Olive canola peanut sunflower
32
Polyunsaturated fats
Safflower corn and soybean cottonseed sunflower
33
Butter fat content
| Margarine fat content
SAT MUFA PUFA
| PUFA MUFA SAT
34
That's have less ___ and more ___ than carbohydrates so provides more energy
Less oxygen and more carbon ( More carbon atoms for oxidation)
35
To determine calories from alcohol
(.8)(proof)(ounces)
| Proof = % alcohol x 2
36
Winterized oil is clear not cloudy. __,___,___ are winterized ___is not
Corn soy cottonseed
| Olive oil
37
What is the toxic level of vitamin A?
10,000 IU
38
A vitamin a deficiency causes night blindness,_____ Which is reversible, ____ Not reversible
Nyctalopia
| Xerophthalmia
39
Sources of vitamin A
Yellow orange fruits dark leafy green vegetables cantaloupe fish liver carrots fortified skim milk apricots sweet potato
40
Vitamin D deficiency causes
___
___
Rickets which is soft bones
| Osteomalacia - Adult rickets
41
Vitamin E is a tocopherol and is one of the least toxic vitamins it is an antioxidant and it is found in
Vitamin E deficiency causes
Vegetable oils whole grains green vegetables almonds
| Hemolytic anemia
42
Vitamin K forms ___ in the liver, Deficiencies can cause hemorrhage affected by
Prothrombin
| Mineral oil antibiotics anticoagulants
43
Vitamin B1 Fiamm and is a water-soluble vitamin lost as temperature or pH rises heat-stable in acid lost in cooking. Needed for the oxidation of
Carbohydrate. Increase carbohydrate needs increased thiamin needs
44
Thiamine functions in the metabolism of
Pyruvate
45
Sources of thiamin
Pork liver grains wheat germ
46
Thiamine deficiency causes
Bariberi Muscle weakness footdrop memory loss tachycardia. Decreased erythrocyte transketolase. Increased plasma pyruvate
47
Vitamin B2 is riboflavin and is lost in UV light. It is needed for energy release from ___ And red cell production , Coenzymes
Sources of riboflavin
Protein
| Liver kidney meat milk
48
Riboflavin deficiency leads to
Cheilosis- Cracked lips
Angular stomatitis- Mouth corner crack
Magenta tongue
49
Niacin is a precursor to
Tryptophan
50
Niacin functions in the metabolism of
Carbohydrate protein fat
51
Niacin is found in
Protein peanuts ready-to-eat cereals chicken rice yeast milk
52
Niacin deficiency leads to
Pellagra, dermatitis diarrhea dementia bright red tongue symmetrical pigmented rash in sunlight
53
Water soluble ___ is precursor to folate. Functions in DNA synthesis forms red blood cells in bone marrow prevents
PABA
| Neural tube defects
54
Sources of folate in the diet
Fortified dried cereal liver kidney green leafy vegetables citrus fruits lentils beans
55
Deficiencies of Folate include
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia diarrhea fatigue
56
Vitamin B6 is
Pyridoxine
INH- isoniazid ( Treats tuberculosis)
B6 Antagonist
57
Vitamin B6 is a Coenzyme in ____
Increased ___ - ____ pyridoxine
Amino acid metabolism, deamination transamination
Increased protein increased pyridoxine
58
Sources of B6
Meat wheat corn yeast pork live ready-to-eat cereals
59
Deficiencies of B6 include
Seizures anemia dermatitis glossitis peripheral neuropathy
60
Vitamin B12 is__ And is bound by____ in gastric juice
Cyanocobalamin
| Intrinsic factor
61
Vitamin B12 is it coenzyme in ____ synthesis forms red blood cells
Protein
62
Sources of B12
Liver meat milk kidney eggs fish cheese
63
Deficiencies of B12
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor
64
CoEnzyme A- energy
| Synthesis of fatty acids
Pantothenic acid
65
Pantothenic acid is found in
Rare deficiency paresthesia in feet
Animal foods grains legumes
66
Ascorbic acid changes ___ into ____into ____which strengthens intercellular substances
Proline hydroxyproline collagen
67
Biotin is synthesized by intestinal bacteria in activated by ___ (Protein in raw egg white)
Avidin
68
Biotin is a Coenzyme in ____, Converts pyruvate to____ in gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis
| Oxaloacetate
69
Biotin is found in
Liver kidney egg yolk yeast
70
Biotin deficiencies
Muscle pain dermatitis glossitis
71
In plants as phytic acid related to sugar contains phosphorous vitamin like factor.
Binds calcium zinc iron membrane structure
Found in the outer husks of cereal grains leafy green vegetables
Myo-inositol
72
Most abundant mineral regulated by parathyroid hormone. Functions and vitamin D acid lactose aid absorption
Calcium
73
Lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption
Calcitonin
74
Calcium functions in blood clotting cardiac function, Nerve transmission smooth muscle contractility
Found in
Dairy products leafy vegetables legumes
75
Calcium deficiency leads to
Hypocalcemia which leads to tetany irregular muscle contractions
76
Second most abundant mineral in the body. Part of DNA,___,___
Phosphorus
| RNA ATP
77
Sources of phosphorus
Deficiencies rare
Meat milk poultry eggs fish cheese animal protein*
78
Food iron
Absorbable iron
Stored iron( Best for iron status)
Ferric
Ferrous
Ferritin
79
Best source of heme iron
Animal foods meat Fish poultry
80
Non-heme sources
Cereals vegetables poorly absorbed absorption aided by gastric juice vitamin C
81
___ Helps if oxalates are present in iron absorption. __,__,__,__Does not aid absorption
Calcium
| Eggs tea milk cheese
82
Iron deficiency
Pale tong fatigue anemia spoon shaped nails
83
Part of chlorophyll 50% in bones 50% in cells
Magnesium
84
( Magnesium ) Protein and fatty acid synthesis stabilizes structure of___
High__,__,__ Increases needs
ATP
| Protein calcium vitamin D
85
Sources and deficiency of magnesium
Most foods milk bread
| rare - tremors
86
Iodine is a trace mineral part of ___
Thyroxine
87
Trace mineral attached to protein ceruloplasmin
Copper-Hemoglobin synthesis aids iron absorption
88
Sources and deficiencies of copper
Liver Kidney shellfish
| Rare-Microcytic anemia neutropenia Wilson's disease-Low serum copper genetic absence of liver enzyme
89
Antioxidant that cooperates with vitamin E tissue respiration
Selenium
90
Sources and deficiencies of selenium
Soil grains meat Fish poultry dairy
| Myalgia cardiomyopathy
91
Trace mineral important in the central nervous system
Manganese-Deficiency unlikely
92
Aids insulin action glucose metabolism with zinc
Chromium
93
Absorption of chromium is enhanced by ___,___
| Ultra trace mineral
Vitamin C niacin
94
Chromium deficiency leads to
Sources
Insulin resistance
Yeast oysters potatoes liver
95
Exists with B12 stored in liver maturation of red blood cells related to be 12 deficiency
Cobalt
96
Part of amino acids methionine cystine cysteine
Sulfur
97
Sulfur is found in
Meat Fish eggs poultry animal protein*
98
Component of lecithin transports lipids as acetylcholine
Choline
99
Choline is found in
Fat in eggs milk liver soybeans
100
As energy expenditure increases the need for__,___,__,__ also increases
Thiamin niacin riboflavin pantothenic acid
101
How much insensible water is lost daily through skin and breathing
.8 - 1.2 L per day
102
Milliequivalents equals
Milligram
__________ X Valence
Atomic weight
103
Atomic weight
Na
K
Ca
23
39
40
104
Valance
Na
K
Ca
1
1
2
105
What are the extracellular electrolytes?
Sodium calcium chloride bicarbonate (HCO3)
106
What are the intracellular electrolytes
Potassium magnesium phosphorus
107
Normal ranges
(Cations)
Sodium
Potassium
136-145 mEq/L
| 3.5-5 mEq/L
108
Normal ranges
(Cations)
Calcium
magnesium
4. 5-5.5 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dl)
| 1. 5-2.5 mEq/L (1.8-3 mg/dl)
109
Normal ranges- anions
Chloride
phosphorus
96-106 mEq/L
| 3-4.5 mg/dl
110
Anasarca is extreme generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to a fusion of fluid into extracellular space. He is associated with ___,___,___ And extreme protein calorie malnutrition- albumin
Heart liver renal failure
| 2.8
111
Lungs control supply of
Hypoventilation:
Hyperventilation:
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Retention of acid
Loss of acid
112
Kidneys control
Bicarbonate (base) NaHCO3
113
Retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs
Respiratory acidosis
114
To compensate for lungs retaining carbon dioxide in respiratory acidosis the kidneys
Increase absorption of base
115
A loss of carbonic acid due to increased ventilation leads to
Respiratory alkalosis
116
To compensate for respiratory alkalosis the kidneys
Excrete additional base
117
Kidneys either produce or retain too much hydrogen leading to an increase in production of carbonic acid or the kidneys may excrete too much base
Metabolic acidosis
118
To compensate for metabolic acidosis respiration
Increases to remove carbon dioxide due to decrease carbonic acid
119
A loss of hydrogen due to a loss of acid or a increase retention of base
Metabolic alkalosis
120
To compensate in metabolic alkalosis ventilation
Decreases to retain carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid
121
High H2CO3 =
And is caused by
Compensatory response
Respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation, Emphysema
Kidneys increase absorption of base (bicarbonate)
122
Decreased H2CO3
Causes
Compensatory respond
Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation anxiety sever exercise
Kidneys excrete base ( Bicarbonate)
123
Decreased HCO3 or Increased H+
Causes
Compensatory response
Metabolic acidosis
Increased hydrogen production or retention by kidney, Uncontrolled diabetes, Starvation, High-fat or Low carbohydrate diet
Respiration increases to expel carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid hyperventilation
124
Increased HCO3 decreased H+
Causes
Compensatory response
Metabolic alkalosis
Loss of acid diuretics loss of chloride
Respiration decreases to retain carbon dioxide to increase carbonic acid(hypoventilation
125
Weight gain guidelines for overweight female
15 to 25 pounds
126
Weight gain guidelines for obese female
11 to 20 lbs
127
Weight gain guidelines for underweight female
28-40 pounds
128
Weight gain guidelines for normal weight female
25 to 35 pounds
129
Calorie needs during pregnancy
Second trimester___
Third trimester____
+340
| +452
130
Calories during lactation first six months___
| 6-12 Months____
+330
| +400
131
High-risk pregnancy pregnant adolescent needs extra___
Iron calcium zinc
132
What supplements and how much during pregnancy
Ferrous sulfate 30mgs During second and third trimester
| Folic acid 400 mcg (Added to 200 from foods = 600)
133
Hormone that develops percent after implantation
Progesterone
134
2002 DRI's recommend ____DHA (pregnancy), ___ (lactation) need for development of fetal Nervous system
1. 4 g per day
| 1. 3 g per day
135
Normal weight of baby
| Low birth weight
2500 to 4000 g (5.5-8.8)
| Less than 2500 g (<5.5#)
136
Very low birth weight
| Extremely low birth weight
Less than 3.3 pounds less than 1500 g
Less than 1000 g
137
____Needs the most calories protein water per unit of weight
Infants
138
Calorie needs for females/ males 0 to 6 months
520 female
| 570 Male
139
___ Stimulates milk production___ Moves milk through the ducts
Prolactin
| Oxytocin
140
Breast-fed infants need ____ Vitamin D from birth and ___ Fluoride per day after six months of age if water contains inadequate fluoride
400 IU
| .25 mg
141
Infant formula needs per day
2 1/2 ounce/pound/day
142
Iron needs of the same for boys and girls Up through age ___ So it is at Age ___ That girls need more iron
10
| 11
143
Limit fruit juice 4 ounces each day up to age
6
144
```
BMI for age percentile start at age ___
Underweight
Healthy
Overweight
Obese
```
Two
5th to 84th
84th-94th
>=95 or bmi >30
145
Measure head circumference until
Age 3
146
What is the RDA for protein during adulthood >=19
Males _____
Females___
56
| 46
147
Herbs botanicals and supplements are regulated by the
DSHEA-Dietary supplement health and education act 1994
148
Black cohosh used to ease menopause symptoms may cause
Clotting
149
Garlic may lower cholesterol and blood pressure avoid use with
Warfarin
150
Ginger is used as a ___. Avoid use with drugs that
Antiemetic
| Affect bleeding
151
Ginkgo Biloba Is used as a___ Avoid use with___
Vasodilator. Warfarin
152
Ginseng is used for ___ May cause __avoid with___
Immunity endurance
| High blood pressure. Warfarin
153
Valerian root is used to calm nerves avoid with
Liver disease
154
The pancreas lies between the
Duodenum and the stomach
155
Chemical or enzymatic activity occurs mainly in
The small intestine
156
In the stomach is the start of___ by ___&____. Limited continuation of starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase
Proteolysis
protease pepsin
HCL
157
What is released from the duodenum when fat enters causing gallbladder to contract releasing violence stimulating the pancreas
CCK cholecystokinin
158
Acid chyme enters the duodenum mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions from the pancreas which ____
This allows____
neutralizes the acid
Enzymes of the small intestines and pancreas to operate at a more neutral pH
159
Most I gesture is completed by the___
Middle of the jejunum. Nutrients absorbed include amino acids fatty acids glycerol simple sugars minerals vitamins
160
The rhythmic movements of small intestines that moves chyme through the G.I. tract
Peristalsis
161
Anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end products of carbohydrate fiber and amino acid breakdown
Colonic salvage
162
Amylase in the mouth digests carbohydrate into
Starch-> Dextrin-> maltose
163
In the stomach protein digestion occurs ( Proteolysis) Because of the action of
Pepsinogen plus HCL of the stomach-> Pepsin
| Pepcid and acts on protein-> Proteose, Peptones
164
In the small intestines carbohydrates are converted to ____by action of
Pancreatic amylase
| Starch->dextrin->maltose
165
Intestinal enzymes include
Sucrase (Glucose plus fructose)
maltase ( Glucose plus glucose)
lactase ( Glucose plus galactose)
166
Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion are available in this order
1) Maltase,sucrase
2) Lactase
3) Pancreatic amylase
167
What is the most glucogenic amino acid? Catabalized to ___ or to Krebs cycle intermediates
Alanine. Pyruvate
168
10% fat-____-Can be converted to glucose
Glycerol
169
A small amount of glucose is converted into other carbohydrate compounds such as
Ribose needed to form RNA DNA
170
Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas induces glycogenolysis
Glucagon ( Increase blood glucose)
171
Released glucose from protein through gluconeogenesis
| Requires___
Glucocorticoid (Protein-> Glucose)
Requires peridoxine
(Increase Blood glucose)
172
Released from the beta cells of the pancreas. Increases so permeability to glucose fosters glycogenesis lipogenesis
Insulin
173
Released from the adrenal medulla, Stimulates sympathetic nervous system, Stimulates liver and muscle glycogenolysis, Decreases release of insulin from pancreas during catabolic stress blood glucose rise it
Epinephrine
174
Insulin antagonists
Growth hormone, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic)
175
Glucose enters the cell aided by insulin it combines with ___in the presence ____of to form____
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Glucose-6-phosphate
176
Glucose-6-phosphate proceeds to
Pyruvic acid
177
Liver glycogen releases glucose to the blood to maintain normal blood glucose levels this process requires____ Which is not found in muscle cells
Glucose-6-phosphatase
178
Glucose-6-phosphate may lead to
Synthesis of glycogen
179
Glucose-6-phosphate also proceeds through the_____
Pentose shunt (side channeling of glucose)
180
The pentose shunt does not require___
___ Is produced
___ Is also produced which is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids
ATP
Ribose part of RNA
NADPH (Has niacin)
181
Pyruvic acid can proceed to form___ Used for muscle contractions when energy needs exceed supply of Oxygen
Lactic acid
182
Lactate is released from tissue transported to liver and converted back to pyruvate
Cori cycle
183
Most pyruvic acid is converted to form
Acetyl CoA(Active acetate)
184
____Is the main substrate for energy production within Krebs cycle
Pyruvate
185
Which vitamins and minerals are needed for the Krebs cycle and what are they a part of
```
Thiamin (TDP )
niacin (NAD)
riboflavin (FAD)
pantothenic acid (coA)
magnesium
Lipoic acid
```
186
Glycolysis occurs in
The cytoplasm
187
Tricarboxylic acid Cycle (TCA),Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle occurs in
Mitochondria
188
Acetyl CoA comes from ____, ____ and degradation of ____
Pyruvic acid (CHO), Oxidation of fatty acids, Carbon skeleton of certain amino acids
189
The intermediate breakdown products of carbohydrate protein and fat
Acetyl CoA
190
Fatty acid enters as a
Two carbon fragment
191
The TCA or Krebs cycle produces___ Of body's energy as ATP
90%
192
___ Is the main carbohydrate fuel and is used to form pyruvic acid and some amino acids
Oxaliacetic acid
193
Oxaloacetic acid Reacts with ___ to form citric acid which starts the cycle
Acetyl coA
194
If there is not enough oxaloacetic acid coming from carbohydrate to maintain cycle efficiently, acetyl coA coming in from ___ Cannot be handled properly and is___
Fat
| Diverted to form Keytone bodies
195
Alpha ketoglutaric acid (From amino acids through gluconeogenesis) Needs____ for decarboxylation
Thiamin
196
Full oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields
38 ATP
197
Is needed for the transport of amino acids
Pyridoxine
198
What are the branched chain amino acids
Valine, leucine, isoleucine
199
Exercise releases___ From muscle protein it is transported to the liver damage needed and converted to glucose also during exercise oxidation of ___(___)increases
Alanine
| Leucine (BCAA)
200
____ Can be synthesized from phenylalanine
| ____ from methionine
Tyrosine
| Cysteine
201
Nitrogen balance formula
Protein intake (grams)
_________ - (UUN + 4)
6.25
202
What are the three methods to determine the quality protein in food
Biologic value
Net protein utilization
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
203
Measures the amount of protein actually used
Net protein utilization
204
What is the equation for net protein utilization
N intake - N output ( N retained)
_____________________________
N Intake
205
The net protein utilization ranges from
40-94
206
Uses nitrogen balance techniques to determine the fraction of absorbed nitrogen retained for growth and maintenance
Biologic value
207
Represents an amino acid score after correcting for digestibility
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
| Egg white casein 1; Soy protein concentrate and tofu .99
208
Estimates percent of protein in each food category that is actually digested
Protein coefficient of digestibility
| (Animals 97%, plant proteins 70-90%
209
Anabolism and is regulated by
DNA
210
Catabolism (____ is involved)
| First step is____-Splitting off the___ By hydrolysis in liver
Pyridoxine
Deamination
NH2(Nitrogenous group)
211
Amino acid->NH2->____
| Most of this is converted into ___ Which is excreted by the kidneys
NH3 (Ammonia)
| Urea
212
Some of the ammonia is converted into___ And some is used to make the nonessential amino acids through____
```
Purines
Transamination (NH3+ketosis= new aa)
```
213
The remaining carbon chain (after the nitrogenous group has been removed) is a
Ketoacid (It can be oxidized for energy)
214
A ketoacid can either form a
| ____ or ____
Glucogenic ketoacid
Or
Ketogenic ketoacid
215
Glucogenic ketoacids behave as a CHO and ___ or ___
Enters EMP (glycolysis) at pyruvate
Or
Enters TCA at oxaloacetate or ketoglutarate
216
Ketogenic ketoacids behave like fat and ___
Enters TCA at acetyl CoA
217
All amino acids are oxidized and produce ___&____ Releasing___&____
Carbon dioxide and water releasing heat and energy
218
Splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver
Deamination
219
Transfer of amino group to a keto acid to form a new amino acid
Transamination
220
Which hormones control anabolism?
Pituitary growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Insulin, testosterone
221
Which hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?
Adrenal steroids (glucocorticoids-catabolic)-Protein catabolism
222
What are the end products of fat digestion?
Monoglycerides diglycerides glycerol fatty acids
223
Short chain fatty acids are less then____ Carbons long and are directly absorbed into____
12
| Portal blood
224
Mono closer I just diglycerides long chain fatty acids combine with____(Act as wetting agents) To form___
Bile salts
| Micelles
225
_____(___) Produce lipoproteins which transfer fatty acids out of the liver to prevent fat accumulation. Fat leaves liver as lipoproteins
Lipotropic factors (choline)
226
Lipolysis-Oxidation
| Oxidation forms___ Which enters____ Which is then oxidized form CO2 plus H2O
Acetyl coA
| Krebs
227
Hormones involved in lipolysis
Growth hormone, glucagon-Insulin antagonist
| Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, Epinephrine, ACTH-Increase rate of fat mobilization
228
Hormones involved in lipogenesis
Insulin (Anabolic)
229
Ketone bodies
Acetoacetic acid, acetone
| Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
230
Acetoacetic acid and Beta-hydroxybutyric acid Enter the blood and are taken to the____ Converted back to___ And oxidized as fuel
Peripheral tissues
| Acetyl coA
231
Normal fat metabolism requires adequate ____for complete fat oxidation
Carbohydrate
232
In adequate carbohydrate results in incomplete fat oxidation and___
Buildup of ketones
233
Most nutrients are absorbed by___; They include
Active transport
| Glucose amino acids sodium potassium magnesium calcium iron
234
Uphill pumping from lower to higher concentration across a membrane against an energy gradient
Sodium pump
235
Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption
| Vitamin D-
Bile salts, acidity of chyme* accompanies calcium, phosphorus absorption
236
Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption of B12
Ileum, Stomach secretions ( HCL intrinsic factor)
237
Most minerals absorbed in an
Acid medium
238
Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption
Vitamin A:
Riboflavin:
Bile salts pancreatic lipase fat
| Phosphorus
239
Factors that a vitamin and mineral absorption
Thiamin:
E,K:
Acid
| Bile salts, fat
240
Factors that aid vitamin and mineral absorption
Calcium:
Iron:
Acid vitamin D lactose
| HCL Calcium binds (oxalates)
241
Central regulation of food intake
Hypothalamus gland
242
The hypothalamus gland act as a satiety and feeding center it has___ Which are thought to regulate the desire to eat. Also regulates___
Glucoreceptors
| Body temperature
243
Normal range for HCO3 (base kidneys)
24-28
244
Normal range for pCO2 (carbonic acid-lungs)
35-45
